Introducción

La cirugía laparoscópica se ha consolidado como el abordaje estándar para múltiples patologías abdominales, desplazando en muchos casos a la cirugía abierta convencional, ya que para algunos procedimientos se ha convertido en el estándar de oro. Para el estudiante de medicina y el médico en formación, comprender sus principios no solo es deseable, sino necesario para integrarse de forma segura y eficiente al equipo quirúrgico. Esta sección tiena como objetivo ofrecer un “ABC” estructurado y práctico de la cirugía laparoscópica, basado en textos clásicos de cirugía general, manuales de sociedades científicas y guías clínicas internacionales. No pretende reemplazar la formación formal, sino servir como puerta de entrada y material de apoyo para tus rotaciones en cirugía general y laparoscópica.

Fundamentos fisiológicos y técnicos de la laparoscopia

La cirugía laparoscópica se basa en la creación de un espacio de trabajo dentro de la cavidad abdominal mediante neumoperitoneo, introducción de trocares y uso de una cámara con fuente de luz fría que proyecta la imagen en un monitor. Esto transforma la visión directa tridimensional en una visión bidimensional, y exige al cirujano desarrollar coordinación mano-ojo y habilidades psicomotoras específicas.
El neumoperitoneo se realiza habitualmente con dióxido de carbono (CO₂) por su alta solubilidad en sangre, bajo riesgo de embolia gaseosa y ausencia de riesgo de combustión. En pacientes adultos, las presiones de trabajo recomendadas suelen situarse entre 10 y 15 mmHg, utilizando siempre la presión más baja que permita una adecuada exposición del campo. El aumento de la presión intraabdominal reduce el retorno venoso y puede afectar la función respiratoria, por lo que es esencial la monitorización hemodinámica y ventilatoria, especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades cardiovasculares o pulmonares.
El acceso a la cavidad peritoneal puede ser cerrado (aguja de Veress) u abierto (técnica de Hasson). La elección depende de la experiencia del cirujano, el hábito corporal y el antecedente de cirugías previas. Las guías de la EAES señalan que la evidencia disponible no permite favorecer de forma absoluta un método sobre el otro, siempre que la técnica se ejecute de forma correcta y con una adecuada curva de aprendizaje.
La torre de laparoscopía incluye: fuente de luz, insuflador de CO₂, cámara, monitor(es) y, con frecuencia, un sistema de registro de video (yo lo incluyo en todas mis cirugías). La calidad de la imagen, la posición del monitor y la ergonomía del cirujano influyen directamente en la precisión de los movimientos y, por tanto, en la seguridad del procedimiento.
El programa Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) ha estandarizado el entrenamiento en habilidades básicas, incluyendo tareas como corte con tijera, agarre y traslado de objetos, colocación de suturas intracorpóreas y extracorpóreas, y manipulación bimanual coordinada. Estas destrezas son aplicables de forma transversal a la mayoría de los procedimientos laparoscópicos básicos.

Anatomía aplicada a procedimientos laparoscópicos frecuentes

La anatomía aplicada es uno de los pilares de la cirugía laparoscópica. El cambio de perspectiva y el aumento de la imagen exigen que el estudiante reconozca referencias anatómicas en un entorno diferente al de la cirugía abierta.

• Colecistectomía laparoscópica: Es uno de los procedimientos laparoscópicos más frecuentes. El objetivo principal es resecar la vesícula biliar preservando la integridad de la vía biliar principal y las estructuras vasculares. Para ello, se utiliza el concepto de “Critical View of Safety (CVS)”. Este exige: 1). Limpiar completamente el triángulo hepatocístico de tejido fibroadiposo. 2). Despegar el tercio inferior de la vesícula del lecho hepático. 3).E identificar sólo dos estructuras que entran a la vesícula (arteria cística y conducto cístico) antes de clipar y seccionarlas.
  El triángulo hepatocístico está limitado por el conducto cístico, el conducto hepático común y el borde inferior del hígado. Debe diferenciarse del triángulo descrito clásicamente por Calot. La adecuada exposición mediante tracción cefálica y lateral del fondo y el infundíbulo vesicular, así como la disección cuidadosa cercana a la vesícula, son medidas clave para disminuir el riesgo de lesión de la vía biliar.
• Apendicectomía laparoscópica: La apendicectomía laparoscópica permite la exploración completa de la cavidad abdominal, lo cual es útil en casos de diagnóstico incierto de dolor en fosa ilíaca derecha. El ciego suele identificarse por la convergencia de las tenias del colon, que conducen al origen del apéndice. Es fundamental reconocer variantes de posición (retrocecal, pélvica, subcecal) y valorar el grado de inflamación.
  La disección se realiza habitualmente separando el mesoapéndice, controlando el pedículo vascular con clips o dispositivos de energía, y ligando la base apendicular mediante endoloop, clips o sutura mecánica. En apendicitis complicadas, es importante un adecuado lavado de la cavidad, evitando la contaminación de los trocares al extraer la pieza.
• Hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica: Existen dos abordajes principales: TEP (Total Extraperitoneal) y TAPP (Transabdominal Preperitoneal). Ambos buscan reforzar la pared posterior del canal inguinal con una malla colocada en el espacio preperitoneal. El estudiante debe familiarizarse con referencias como el ligamento de Cooper, los vasos epigástricos inferiores, el orificio miopectíneo, los vasos ilíacos externos y el área del triángulo de la condena (triángulo de la perdición) y el triángulo del dolor, donde se localizan nervios importantes.

El conocimiento de estas zonas de riesgo disminuye la probabilidad de complicaciones como dolor crónico posoperatorio, sangrado o lesión vascular.

Posición del paciente, equipo quirúrgico y ergonomía

La correcta posición del paciente y del equipo quirúrgico tiene impacto directo en la seguridad y la eficiencia de la cirugía laparoscópica.
En colecistectomía laparoscópica, el paciente suele colocarse en decúbito supino con ligera proclive (anti-Trendelemburg) y rotación hacia la izquierda para desplazar vísceras y mejorar la exposición de la vesícula. En apendicectomía, con frecuencia se utiliza Trendelemburg moderado y ligera rotación hacia la izquierda para movilizar asas intestinales lejos de la fosa ilíaca derecha. En hernioplastias, la posición supina con ligera flexión de cadera es habitual.
La posición del cirujano y del ayudante debe permitir movimientos cómodos, con los hombros relajados, codos cercanos al tronco y manos trabajando por debajo del nivel del corazón. El monitor debe situarse frente al cirujano, a la altura de sus ojos, para reducir la fatiga cervical. Las guías de ergonomía en laparoscopía recomiendan ajustar la altura de la mesa, el ángulo de los instrumentos y la distancia al monitor para minimizar la fatiga y mejorar la precisión de los movimientos.
El estudiante debe observar y aprender estas configuraciones desde el inicio de su formación, ya que la ergonomía deficiente contribuye a errores técnicos, temblor, movimientos bruscos y, a largo plazo, a lesiones musculoesqueléticas del cirujano.

Instrumental básico y fuentes de energía

El instrumental laparoscópico combina elementos de acceso (trocares), visualización (ópticas y cámaras) y manipulación (pinzas, disectores, tijeras, portaagujas, grapadoras, dispositivos de energía).
Las ópticas más utilizadas son de 0° y 30°. La de 30° permite variar el ángulo de visión rotando la cámara, lo que facilita la exploración de recesos y estructuras. Los trocares varían en diámetro (habitualmente 5 y 10–12 mm) y pueden ser desechables o reutilizables. La distribución de los trocares debe planificarse para generar triangulación adecuada alrededor del órgano diana.
Las fuentes de energía incluyen electrocoagulación monopolar, bipolar, dispositivos avanzados de sellado vascular y energía ultrasónica. Cada tecnología tiene un perfil de seguridad, profundidad de necrosis tisular y capacidad de sellado diferente. Es importante conocer los principios básicos para evitar lesiones térmicas inadvertidas a estructuras vasculares o viscerales.
El estudiante debe familiarizarse con el montaje de la torre, conexiones, calibración de la cámara, enfoque y comprobación de la integridad del instrumental antes del inicio de cada procedimiento. Entender cómo solucionar problemas frecuentes —como empañamiento de la óptica, pérdida de neumoperitoneo o falla de insuflación— forma parte del ABC técnico de la laparoscopía.

Seguridad, complicaciones y conceptos clave

La seguridad del paciente es el eje central de la cirugía laparoscópica moderna. Las sociedades científicas han generado recomendaciones específicas para reducir complicaciones, entre ellas las lesiones de la vía biliar, vasculares y viscerales.
En colecistectomía laparoscópica, el uso sistemático del Critical View of Safety, el respeto de planos anatómicos cercanos a la vesícula y la conversión temprana a cirugía abierta ante dudas anatómicas o inflamación severa son estrategias con fuerte respaldo en guías clínicas. Además, se han propuesto algoritmos para el manejo de lesiones de la vía biliar, enfatizando la importancia de su reconocimiento intraoperatorio y la referencia temprana a centros con experiencia cuando se sospechan lesiones complejas.

En términos generales, las complicaciones de la laparoscopía pueden dividirse en:

• Complicaciones del acceso: lesiones vasculares mayores, lesión de víscera hueca, enfisema subcutáneo extensivo.
• Complicaciones del neumoperitoneo: alteraciones hemodinámicas, hipercapnia, complicaciones respiratorias.
• Complicaciones específicas del procedimiento: sangrado, lesión de estructuras vecinas, fuga biliar, infección de sitio operatorio.

Las guías de sociedades como EAES, SAGES, WSES y asociaciones latinoamericanas insisten en la importancia de la formación estructurada, el uso de simulación, la evaluación objetiva de competencias y el trabajo en equipos quirúrgicos entrenados.
Para el estudiante, el mensaje clave es comprender que la laparoscopía no es “solo hacer la misma cirugía por agujeros pequeños”. Implica cambios en la fisiología, la forma de ver la anatomía y la técnica quirúrgica. El respeto de estos principios es esencial para contribuir a la seguridad del paciente.

Rol del Estudiante

El estudiante de medicina tiene un rol activo en el entorno de la cirugía laparoscópica, incluso antes de tomar instrumentos. Su actitud, preparación y capacidad de observación influyen en su aprendizaje y en la dinámica del equipo.

Responsabilidades y actitudes recomendadas:

• Llegar puntual al hospital y revisar la lista de cirugías programadas.
• Leer previamente sobre la patología y el procedimiento que se realizará.
• Conocer los datos clínicos esenciales del paciente.
• Respetar la asepsia, la confidencialidad y las normas del quirófano.
• Preguntar de forma oportuna y respetuosa, evitando interrumpir momentos críticos del procedimiento.

Las guías de sociedades como EAES, SAGES, WSES y asociaciones latinoamericanas insisten en la importancia de la formación estructurada, el uso de simulación, la evaluación objetiva de competencias y el trabajo en equipos quirúrgicos entrenados.
Para el estudiante, el mensaje clave es comprender que la laparoscopía no es “solo hacer la misma cirugía por agujeros pequeños”. Implica cambios en la fisiología, la forma de ver la anatomía y la técnica quirúrgica. El respeto de estos principios es esencial para contribuir a la seguridad del paciente.

Errores frecuentes

Errores frecuentes del estudiante o primer asistente en laparoscopía:

• No seguir con la cámara el movimiento de los instrumentos del cirujano.
• Traccionar en dirección incorrecta, dificultando la exposición.
• No anticipar las necesidades del cirujano (cambio de pinza, cambio de ángulo de visión, aspiración).
• Distraerse con la pantalla u otros elementos ajenos al procedimiento.
• No comunicar adecuadamente cuando se pierde la visión o entra sangre en el campo.

Corregir estos errores tempranamente, idealmente con retroalimentación estructurada, favorece una curva de aprendizaje más rápida y segura. La participación en programas de simulación, cursos básicos de laparoscopía y talleres de sutura acelera la adquisición de habilidades técnicas.

Cómo prepararte para tu primera rotación en cirugía laparoscópica

La primera rotación en cirugía laparoscópica suele marcar un antes y un después en la formación del estudiante. Una buena preparación aumenta la probabilidad de que esta experiencia sea positiva y formativa.

Recomendaciones prácticas:

1. Estudia la patología antes de ver la cirugía. Conocer la indicación del procedimiento y sus pasos básicos te permitirá interpretar mejor lo que ves en la pantalla.
2. Revisa la anatomía en atlas y videos quirúrgicos fiables. Comparar esquemas abiertos y laparoscópicos ayuda a integrar ambas perspectivas.
3. Practica habilidades básicas en simuladores de bajo costo, cajas secas o plataformas virtuales cuando estén disponibles. La coordinación mano-ojo mejora con la práctica repetida.
4. Cuida tu postura y ergonomía desde el principio. Observa cómo se posicionan el cirujano y el equipo, e intenta reproducir estas posiciones cuando se te permita asistir.
5. Solicita retroalimentación. Pregunta al final del procedimiento qué hiciste bien y qué podrías mejorar. La crítica constructiva es parte fundamental de la formación quirúrgica.
6. Mantén una actitud de respeto y humildad. Cada caso representa la vida y la confianza de un paciente; el privilegio de estar en quirófano implica responsabilidad profesional y ética.

La cirugía laparoscópica seguirá evolucionando con nuevas tecnologías, como la robótica, la cirugía guiada por imagen y el uso de inteligencia artificial para apoyo intraoperatorio. Sin embargo, los principios básicos descritos en esta guía seguirán siendo válidos como cimiento para cualquier innovación futura.

Bibliografía recomendada

La primera rotación en cirugía laparoscópica suele marcar un antes y un después en la formación del estudiante. Una buena preparación aumenta la probabilidad de que esta experiencia sea positiva y formativa.

Recomendaciones prácticas:

1. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
2. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
3. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
4. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
5. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
6. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
7. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
8. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
9. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
10. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
11. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
12. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
13. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
14. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
15. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
16. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
17. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
18. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
19. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
20. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
21. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
22. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
23. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
24. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
25. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
26. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
27. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
28. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
29. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.
30. Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1: Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual, Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–3039. Neugebauer EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference. SAGES; 2018. de’Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020 WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al. European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):996–1019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A, et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms. FLS Program; acceso en línea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(3):354–359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner R. Laparoscopic surgery—15 years after clinical introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190–1203. SAGES. Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(2):264–285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1–9. Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343–403. Belyansky I, Tsirline VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284–290. Horgan S, Vanuno D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1133–1154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(4):861–881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(25):2695–2696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR, Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599–603. Grantcharov TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146–150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458–464. Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):310–314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP. Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216–1222.