Dr. Julio Estrada – Cirug\u00eda General y Laparosc\u00f3pica<\/title>\n \n \n \n <link\n href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/font-awesome\/6.4.0\/css\/all.min.css\"\n rel=\"stylesheet\"\n \/>\n\n \n \n\n \n \n <\/head>\n\n <body>\n \n <nav class=\"navbar navbar-expand-lg sticky-top navbar-light\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <a class=\"navbar-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/\">\n <img decoding=\"async\"\n src=\"http:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/logo-header.webp\"\n alt=\"logo-header\"\n \/>\n <\/a>\n\n <button\n class=\"navbar-toggler\"\n type=\"button\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#navbarNav\"\n >\n <span class=\"navbar-toggler-icon\"><\/span>\n <\/button>\n\n <div class=\"collapse navbar-collapse\" id=\"navbarNav\">\n <ul class=\"navbar-nav ms-auto align-items-lg-center\">\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/\"\n >Inicio<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/somos\/\"\n >Somos<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <div class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n >Procedimientos<\/a\n >\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0\">\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#apendice\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Apendice<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#vesicula\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Ves\u00edcula<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#hernias\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Hernias\n Abdominales<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#exploracion\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Exploraci\u00f3n<\/span> de la V\u00eda\n Biliar<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#ercp\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">ERCP<\/span> (Endoscopic\n Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) – Colangiopancreatograf\u00eda\n Retr\u00f3grada Endosc\u00f3pica) – Colangiopancreatograf\u00eda Retr\u00f3grada\n Endosc\u00f3pica<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#colangiografia\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Colangiograf\u00eda<\/span>\n Intraoperatoria<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#emergencia\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Emergencia<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#abdomen-agudo\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Abdomen Agudo no\n <span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Traum\u00e1tico<\/span><\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#obstruccion-intestinal\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Obstrucci\u00f3n<\/span> Intestinal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#perforacion\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Perforaci\u00f3n<\/span> de Viscera\n Hueca<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#pancreatitis\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Pancreatitis<\/span> Aguda\n Grave<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#diverticulitis\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Diverticulitis<\/span> Aguda\n Complicada<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#trauma-abdominal\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Trauma<\/span> Abdominal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#abdomen-abierto\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Abdomen Abierto<\/span> y\n <span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Control de\n Da\u00f1os<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#catastrofe-abdominal\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cat\u00e1strofe<\/span> Abdominal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#abdomen-agudo-pediatria\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Abdomen Agudo<\/span> en\n Pediatr\u00eda<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n >Condiciones quir\u00fargicas<\/a\n >\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0\">\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-apendice\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Ap\u00e9ndice (Apendicitis)<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-vesicula\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Ves\u00edcula Biliar<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-hernias-de-la-pared-abdominal\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Hernias de la Pared Abdominal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-diastasis-de-rectos\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Di\u00e1stasis de rectos Abdominales<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-pie-diabetico\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Pie diab\u00e9tico<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-cirugia-menor\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Cirug\u00eda menor<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-suturas\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Suturas<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a\n class=\"nav-link\"\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/informacion-para-el-paciente\/\"\n >Informaci\u00f3n del paciente<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <div class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle active\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n >Gu\u00eda para Estudiantes<\/a\n >\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0\">\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/guia-para-estudiantes\/abc-de-laparoscopia\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item active\"\n >ABC de Laparoscop\u00eda<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/guia-para-estudiantes\/guia-para-estudiantes-de-pregrado\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Gu\u00eda para estudiantes de pregrado<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a\n class=\"d-tlf nav-link\"\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/agendar\/\"\n >Agendar Cita<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <div class=\"btn-head\">\n <a\n class=\"d-desk nav-link btn-nav\"\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/agendar\/\"\n >Agendar Cita<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/nav>\n\n \n <section id=\"procedis\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"contain-hero-procedis\">\n <div class=\"row row-hero-procedis\">\n <div class=\"col-hero-procedis col-hero-procedis1\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-hero-procedis col-hero-procedis2\">\n <h4 class=\"font-creato titu-hero-procedi\">gu\u00eda<\/h4>\n <h3 class=\"font-creato titus-hero-procedi\">Para Estudiantes<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"font-creato txt-hero-procedi\">\n Esta secci\u00f3n tiene como objetivo ofrecer un \u201cABC\u201d estructurado y\n pr\u00e1ctico de la cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, basado en textos cl\u00e1sicos\n de cirug\u00eda general, manuales de sociedades cient\u00edficas y gu\u00edas\n cl\u00ednicas internacionales.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section id=\"info-procedis\">\n <div class=\"contain-important\">\n <div class=\"cont-important\">\n <h3 class=\"font-creato titu-important\">Gu\u00eda estudiantil<\/h3>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"container my-5 py-4\">\n <div class=\"contain-procedis\">\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis1\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">1. Introducci\u00f3n y Fundamentos<\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Introducci\u00f3n<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica se ha consolidado como el abordaje\n est\u00e1ndar para m\u00faltiples patolog\u00edas abdominales, desplazando en\n muchos casos a la cirug\u00eda abierta convencional, ya que para\n algunos procedimientos se ha convertido en el est\u00e1ndar de oro.\n Para el estudiante de medicina y el m\u00e9dico en formaci\u00f3n,\n comprender sus principios no solo es deseable, sino necesario\n para integrarse de forma segura y eficiente al equipo\n quir\u00fargico. Esta secci\u00f3n tiena como objetivo ofrecer un \u201cABC\u201d\n estructurado y pr\u00e1ctico de la cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, basado en\n textos cl\u00e1sicos de cirug\u00eda general, manuales de sociedades\n cient\u00edficas y gu\u00edas cl\u00ednicas internacionales. No pretende\n reemplazar la formaci\u00f3n formal, sino servir como puerta de\n entrada y material de apoyo para tus rotaciones en cirug\u00eda\n general y laparosc\u00f3pica.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Fundamentos fisiol\u00f3gicos y t\u00e9cnicos de la laparoscopia\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica se basa en la creaci\u00f3n de un espacio\n de trabajo dentro de la cavidad abdominal mediante\n neumoperitoneo, introducci\u00f3n de trocares y uso de una c\u00e1mara\n con fuente de luz fr\u00eda que proyecta la imagen en un monitor.\n Esto transforma la visi\u00f3n directa tridimensional en una visi\u00f3n\n bidimensional, y exige al cirujano desarrollar coordinaci\u00f3n\n mano-ojo y habilidades psicomotoras espec\u00edficas.<br \/>El\n neumoperitoneo se realiza habitualmente con di\u00f3xido de carbono\n (CO\u2082) por su alta solubilidad en sangre, bajo riesgo de\n embolia gaseosa y ausencia de riesgo de combusti\u00f3n. En\n pacientes adultos, las presiones de trabajo recomendadas\n suelen situarse entre 10 y 15 mmHg, utilizando siempre la\n presi\u00f3n m\u00e1s baja que permita una adecuada exposici\u00f3n del\n campo. El aumento de la presi\u00f3n intraabdominal reduce el\n retorno venoso y puede afectar la funci\u00f3n respiratoria, por lo\n que es esencial la monitorizaci\u00f3n hemodin\u00e1mica y ventilatoria,\n especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades cardiovasculares\n o pulmonares.<br \/>El acceso a la cavidad peritoneal puede ser\n cerrado (aguja de Veress) u abierto (t\u00e9cnica de Hasson). La\n elecci\u00f3n depende de la experiencia del cirujano, el h\u00e1bito\n corporal y el antecedente de cirug\u00edas previas. Las gu\u00edas de la\n EAES se\u00f1alan que la evidencia disponible no permite favorecer\n de forma absoluta un m\u00e9todo sobre el otro, siempre que la\n t\u00e9cnica se ejecute de forma correcta y con una adecuada curva\n de aprendizaje.<br \/>La torre de laparoscop\u00eda incluye: fuente\n de luz, insuflador de CO\u2082, c\u00e1mara, monitor(es) y, con\n frecuencia, un sistema de registro de video (yo lo incluyo en\n todas mis cirug\u00edas). La calidad de la imagen, la posici\u00f3n del\n monitor y la ergonom\u00eda del cirujano influyen directamente en\n la precisi\u00f3n de los movimientos y, por tanto, en la seguridad\n del procedimiento.<br \/>El programa Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) ha estandarizado el entrenamiento\n en habilidades b\u00e1sicas, incluyendo tareas como corte con\n tijera, agarre y traslado de objetos, colocaci\u00f3n de suturas\n intracorp\u00f3reas y extracorp\u00f3reas, y manipulaci\u00f3n bimanual\n coordinada. Estas destrezas son aplicables de forma\n transversal a la mayor\u00eda de los procedimientos laparosc\u00f3picos\n b\u00e1sicos.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis2\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 2. Anatom\u00eda aplicada a Procedimientos Laparosc\u00f3picos\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Anatom\u00eda aplicada a procedimientos laparosc\u00f3picos frecuentes\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La anatom\u00eda aplicada es uno de los pilares de la cirug\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica. El cambio de perspectiva y el aumento de la\n imagen exigen que el estudiante reconozca referencias\n anat\u00f3micas en un entorno diferente al de la cirug\u00eda abierta.\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Colecistectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica: Es uno de los procedimientos\n laparosc\u00f3picos m\u00e1s frecuentes. El objetivo principal es\n resecar la ves\u00edcula biliar preservando la integridad de la\n v\u00eda biliar principal y las estructuras vasculares. Para\n ello, se utiliza el concepto de \u201cCritical View of Safety\n (CVS)\u201d. Este exige: 1). Limpiar completamente el tri\u00e1ngulo\n hepatoc\u00edstico de tejido fibroadiposo. 2). Despegar el tercio\n inferior de la ves\u00edcula del lecho hep\u00e1tico. 3).E identificar\n s\u00f3lo dos estructuras que entran a la ves\u00edcula (arteria\n c\u00edstica y conducto c\u00edstico) antes de clipar y\n seccionarlas.<br \/>El tri\u00e1ngulo hepatoc\u00edstico est\u00e1 limitado\n por el conducto c\u00edstico, el conducto hep\u00e1tico com\u00fan y el\n borde inferior del h\u00edgado. Debe diferenciarse del tri\u00e1ngulo\n descrito cl\u00e1sicamente por Calot. La adecuada exposici\u00f3n\n mediante tracci\u00f3n cef\u00e1lica y lateral del fondo y el\n infund\u00edbulo vesicular, as\u00ed como la disecci\u00f3n cuidadosa\n cercana a la ves\u00edcula, son medidas clave para disminuir el\n riesgo de lesi\u00f3n de la v\u00eda biliar.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Apendicectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica: La apendicectom\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica permite la exploraci\u00f3n completa de la cavidad\n abdominal, lo cual es \u00fatil en casos de diagn\u00f3stico incierto\n de dolor en fosa il\u00edaca derecha. El ciego suele\n identificarse por la convergencia de las tenias del colon,\n que conducen al origen del ap\u00e9ndice. Es fundamental\n reconocer variantes de posici\u00f3n (retrocecal, p\u00e9lvica,\n subcecal) y valorar el grado de inflamaci\u00f3n.<br \/>La\n disecci\u00f3n se realiza habitualmente separando el\n mesoap\u00e9ndice, controlando el ped\u00edculo vascular con clips o\n dispositivos de energ\u00eda, y ligando la base apendicular\n mediante endoloop, clips o sutura mec\u00e1nica. En apendicitis\n complicadas, es importante un adecuado lavado de la cavidad,\n evitando la contaminaci\u00f3n de los trocares al extraer la\n pieza.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Hernioplastia inguinal laparosc\u00f3pica: Existen dos abordajes\n principales: TEP (Total Extraperitoneal) y TAPP\n (Transabdominal Preperitoneal). Ambos buscan reforzar la\n pared posterior del canal inguinal con una malla colocada en\n el espacio preperitoneal. El estudiante debe familiarizarse\n con referencias como el ligamento de Cooper, los vasos\n epig\u00e1stricos inferiores, el orificio miopect\u00edneo, los vasos\n il\u00edacos externos y el \u00e1rea del tri\u00e1ngulo de la condena\n (tri\u00e1ngulo de la perdici\u00f3n) y el tri\u00e1ngulo del dolor, donde\n se localizan nervios importantes.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n El conocimiento de estas zonas de riesgo disminuye la\n probabilidad de complicaciones como dolor cr\u00f3nico\n posoperatorio, sangrado o lesi\u00f3n vascular.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis3\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 3. Posici\u00f3n del paciente, Instrumental b\u00e1sico, Seguridad\n Complicaciones y conceptos clave\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Posici\u00f3n del paciente, equipo quir\u00fargico y ergonom\u00eda\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La correcta posici\u00f3n del paciente y del equipo quir\u00fargico\n tiene impacto directo en la seguridad y la eficiencia de la\n cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica.<br \/>En colecistectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica,\n el paciente suele colocarse en dec\u00fabito supino con ligera\n proclive (anti-Trendelemburg) y rotaci\u00f3n hacia la izquierda\n para desplazar v\u00edsceras y mejorar la exposici\u00f3n de la\n ves\u00edcula. En apendicectom\u00eda, con frecuencia se utiliza\n Trendelemburg moderado y ligera rotaci\u00f3n hacia la izquierda\n para movilizar asas intestinales lejos de la fosa il\u00edaca\n derecha. En hernioplastias, la posici\u00f3n supina con ligera\n flexi\u00f3n de cadera es habitual.<br \/>La posici\u00f3n del cirujano y\n del ayudante debe permitir movimientos c\u00f3modos, con los\n hombros relajados, codos cercanos al tronco y manos trabajando\n por debajo del nivel del coraz\u00f3n. El monitor debe situarse\n frente al cirujano, a la altura de sus ojos, para reducir la\n fatiga cervical. Las gu\u00edas de ergonom\u00eda en laparoscop\u00eda\n recomiendan ajustar la altura de la mesa, el \u00e1ngulo de los\n instrumentos y la distancia al monitor para minimizar la\n fatiga y mejorar la precisi\u00f3n de los movimientos.<br \/>El\n estudiante debe observar y aprender estas configuraciones\n desde el inicio de su formaci\u00f3n, ya que la ergonom\u00eda\n deficiente contribuye a errores t\u00e9cnicos, temblor, movimientos\n bruscos y, a largo plazo, a lesiones musculoesquel\u00e9ticas del\n cirujano.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Instrumental b\u00e1sico y fuentes de energ\u00eda\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n El instrumental laparosc\u00f3pico combina elementos de acceso\n (trocares), visualizaci\u00f3n (\u00f3pticas y c\u00e1maras) y manipulaci\u00f3n\n (pinzas, disectores, tijeras, portaagujas, grapadoras,\n dispositivos de energ\u00eda).<br \/>Las \u00f3pticas m\u00e1s utilizadas son\n de 0\u00b0 y 30\u00b0. La de 30\u00b0 permite variar el \u00e1ngulo de visi\u00f3n\n rotando la c\u00e1mara, lo que facilita la exploraci\u00f3n de recesos y\n estructuras. Los trocares var\u00edan en di\u00e1metro (habitualmente 5\n y 10\u201312 mm) y pueden ser desechables o reutilizables. La\n distribuci\u00f3n de los trocares debe planificarse para generar\n triangulaci\u00f3n adecuada alrededor del \u00f3rgano diana.<br \/>Las\n fuentes de energ\u00eda incluyen electrocoagulaci\u00f3n monopolar,\n bipolar, dispositivos avanzados de sellado vascular y energ\u00eda\n ultras\u00f3nica. Cada tecnolog\u00eda tiene un perfil de seguridad,\n profundidad de necrosis tisular y capacidad de sellado\n diferente. Es importante conocer los principios b\u00e1sicos para\n evitar lesiones t\u00e9rmicas inadvertidas a estructuras vasculares\n o viscerales.<br \/>El estudiante debe familiarizarse con el\n montaje de la torre, conexiones, calibraci\u00f3n de la c\u00e1mara,\n enfoque y comprobaci\u00f3n de la integridad del instrumental antes\n del inicio de cada procedimiento. Entender c\u00f3mo solucionar\n problemas frecuentes \u2014como empa\u00f1amiento de la \u00f3ptica, p\u00e9rdida\n de neumoperitoneo o falla de insuflaci\u00f3n\u2014 forma parte del ABC\n t\u00e9cnico de la laparoscop\u00eda.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Seguridad, complicaciones y conceptos clave\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La seguridad del paciente es el eje central de la cirug\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica moderna. Las sociedades cient\u00edficas han generado\n recomendaciones espec\u00edficas para reducir complicaciones, entre\n ellas las lesiones de la v\u00eda biliar, vasculares y\n viscerales.<br \/>En colecistectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, el uso\n sistem\u00e1tico del Critical View of Safety, el respeto de planos\n anat\u00f3micos cercanos a la ves\u00edcula y la conversi\u00f3n temprana a\n cirug\u00eda abierta ante dudas anat\u00f3micas o inflamaci\u00f3n severa son\n estrategias con fuerte respaldo en gu\u00edas cl\u00ednicas. Adem\u00e1s, se\n han propuesto algoritmos para el manejo de lesiones de la v\u00eda\n biliar, enfatizando la importancia de su reconocimiento\n intraoperatorio y la referencia temprana a centros con\n experiencia cuando se sospechan lesiones complejas.<br \/><br \/>En\n t\u00e9rminos generales, las complicaciones de la laparoscop\u00eda\n pueden dividirse en:\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Complicaciones del acceso: lesiones vasculares mayores,\n lesi\u00f3n de v\u00edscera hueca, enfisema subcut\u00e1neo extensivo.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Complicaciones del neumoperitoneo: alteraciones\n hemodin\u00e1micas, hipercapnia, complicaciones respiratorias.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Complicaciones espec\u00edficas del procedimiento: sangrado,\n lesi\u00f3n de estructuras vecinas, fuga biliar, infecci\u00f3n de\n sitio operatorio.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Las gu\u00edas de sociedades como EAES, SAGES, WSES y asociaciones\n latinoamericanas insisten en la importancia de la formaci\u00f3n\n estructurada, el uso de simulaci\u00f3n, la evaluaci\u00f3n objetiva de\n competencias y el trabajo en equipos quir\u00fargicos\n entrenados.<br \/>Para el estudiante, el mensaje clave es\n comprender que la laparoscop\u00eda no es \u201csolo hacer la misma\n cirug\u00eda por agujeros peque\u00f1os\u201d. Implica cambios en la\n fisiolog\u00eda, la forma de ver la anatom\u00eda y la t\u00e9cnica\n quir\u00fargica. El respeto de estos principios es esencial para\n contribuir a la seguridad del paciente.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis4\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 4. Rol del estudiante de medicina y errores frecuentes\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Rol del Estudiante<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n El estudiante de medicina tiene un rol activo en el entorno de\n la cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, incluso antes de tomar instrumentos.\n Su actitud, preparaci\u00f3n y capacidad de observaci\u00f3n influyen en\n su aprendizaje y en la din\u00e1mica del equipo.<br \/><br \/>Responsabilidades\n y actitudes recomendadas:\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Llegar puntual al hospital y revisar la lista de cirug\u00edas\n programadas.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Leer previamente sobre la patolog\u00eda y el procedimiento que\n se realizar\u00e1.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Conocer los datos cl\u00ednicos esenciales del paciente.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Respetar la asepsia, la confidencialidad y las normas del\n quir\u00f3fano.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n Preguntar de forma oportuna y respetuosa, evitando\n interrumpir momentos cr\u00edticos del procedimiento.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Las gu\u00edas de sociedades como EAES, SAGES, WSES y asociaciones\n latinoamericanas insisten en la importancia de la formaci\u00f3n\n estructurada, el uso de simulaci\u00f3n, la evaluaci\u00f3n objetiva de\n competencias y el trabajo en equipos quir\u00fargicos\n entrenados.<br \/>Para el estudiante, el mensaje clave es\n comprender que la laparoscop\u00eda no es \u201csolo hacer la misma\n cirug\u00eda por agujeros peque\u00f1os\u201d. Implica cambios en la\n fisiolog\u00eda, la forma de ver la anatom\u00eda y la t\u00e9cnica\n quir\u00fargica. El respeto de estos principios es esencial para\n contribuir a la seguridad del paciente.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Errores frecuentes<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Errores frecuentes del estudiante o primer asistente en\n laparoscop\u00eda:\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n No seguir con la c\u00e1mara el movimiento de los instrumentos\n del cirujano.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Traccionar en direcci\u00f3n incorrecta, dificultando la\n exposici\u00f3n.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n No anticipar las necesidades del cirujano (cambio de pinza,\n cambio de \u00e1ngulo de visi\u00f3n, aspiraci\u00f3n).\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Distraerse con la pantalla u otros elementos ajenos al\n procedimiento.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n No comunicar adecuadamente cuando se pierde la visi\u00f3n o\n entra sangre en el campo.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Corregir estos errores tempranamente, idealmente con\n retroalimentaci\u00f3n estructurada, favorece una curva de\n aprendizaje m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida y segura. La participaci\u00f3n en programas\n de simulaci\u00f3n, cursos b\u00e1sicos de laparoscop\u00eda y talleres de\n sutura acelera la adquisici\u00f3n de habilidades t\u00e9cnicas.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis5\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 5. C\u00f3mo prepararte para tu primera cirug\u00eda\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n C\u00f3mo prepararte para tu primera rotaci\u00f3n en cirug\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La primera rotaci\u00f3n en cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica suele marcar un\n antes y un despu\u00e9s en la formaci\u00f3n del estudiante. Una buena\n preparaci\u00f3n aumenta la probabilidad de que esta experiencia\n sea positiva y formativa.<br \/><br \/><b\n >Recomendaciones pr\u00e1cticas:<\/b\n >\n <\/p>\n\n <ol class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Estudia la patolog\u00eda antes de ver la cirug\u00eda. Conocer la\n indicaci\u00f3n del procedimiento y sus pasos b\u00e1sicos te\n permitir\u00e1 interpretar mejor lo que ves en la pantalla.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Revisa la anatom\u00eda en atlas y videos quir\u00fargicos fiables.\n Comparar esquemas abiertos y laparosc\u00f3picos ayuda a integrar\n ambas perspectivas.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Practica habilidades b\u00e1sicas en simuladores de bajo costo,\n cajas secas o plataformas virtuales cuando est\u00e9n\n disponibles. La coordinaci\u00f3n mano-ojo mejora con la pr\u00e1ctica\n repetida.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Cuida tu postura y ergonom\u00eda desde el principio. Observa\n c\u00f3mo se posicionan el cirujano y el equipo, e intenta\n reproducir estas posiciones cuando se te permita asistir.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n Solicita retroalimentaci\u00f3n. Pregunta al final del\n procedimiento qu\u00e9 hiciste bien y qu\u00e9 podr\u00edas mejorar. La\n cr\u00edtica constructiva es parte fundamental de la formaci\u00f3n\n quir\u00fargica.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter6\">\n Mant\u00e9n una actitud de respeto y humildad. Cada caso\n representa la vida y la confianza de un paciente; el\n privilegio de estar en quir\u00f3fano implica responsabilidad\n profesional y \u00e9tica.\n <\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica seguir\u00e1 evolucionando con nuevas\n tecnolog\u00edas, como la rob\u00f3tica, la cirug\u00eda guiada por imagen y\n el uso de inteligencia artificial para apoyo intraoperatorio.\n Sin embargo, los principios b\u00e1sicos descritos en esta gu\u00eda\n seguir\u00e1n siendo v\u00e1lidos como cimiento para cualquier\n innovaci\u00f3n futura.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis6\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">6. Bibliograf\u00eda recomendada<\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Bibliograf\u00eda recomendada<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La primera rotaci\u00f3n en cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica suele marcar un\n antes y un despu\u00e9s en la formaci\u00f3n del estudiante. Una buena\n preparaci\u00f3n aumenta la probabilidad de que esta experiencia\n sea positiva y formativa.<br \/><br \/><b\n >Recomendaciones pr\u00e1cticas:<\/b\n >\n <\/p>\n\n <ol class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter6\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter7\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter8\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter9\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter10\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter11\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter12\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter13\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter14\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter15\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter16\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter17\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter18\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter19\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter20\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter21\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter22\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter23\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter24\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter25\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter26\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter27\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter28\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter29\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter30\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section id=\"contacto\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"row row-contain-agendar justify-content-evenly\">\n <div class=\"col-lg-6 col-agendar col-agendar1\">\n <div\n class=\"cont-horario-agendar d-flex justify-content-evenly align-items-center\"\n >\n <div class=\"col-horario-agenda col-horario-agenda1\">\n <p class=\"font-creato txt-dias-agenda\">\n Lunes \u2014 Viernes<br \/>Emergencia\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-horario-agenda col-horario-agenda2\">\n <p class=\"font-creato txt-horas-agenda\">10AM – 5PM<br \/>24\/7<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-horario-img\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-lg-6 col-agendar col-agendar2\">\n <h4 class=\"titu-agendar\">AGENDAR UNA CITA<\/h4>\n\n <h3 class=\"titus-agendar\">\n PanaMed – Panajachel<br \/>El Pimental – Antigua Guatemala\n <\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"cont-formulario\"><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 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id='gform_1' action='\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9926' data-formid='1' novalidate>\n <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_1' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><fieldset id=\"field_1_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-name gfield--input-type-name field_sublabel_hidden_label gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Nombre completo<\/legend><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container ginput_container--name no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name gform-grid-row' id='input_1_1'>\n \n <span id='input_1_1_3_container' class='name_first gform-grid-col gform-grid-col--size-auto' >\n <input type='text' name='input_1.3' id='input_1_1_3' value='' aria-required='false' placeholder='Nombre' \/>\n <label for='input_1_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Nombre<\/label>\n <\/span>\n \n <span id='input_1_1_6_container' class='name_last gform-grid-col gform-grid-col--size-auto' >\n <input type='text' name='input_1.6' id='input_1_1_6' value='' aria-required='false' placeholder='Apellido' \/>\n <label for='input_1_1_6' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Apellidos<\/label>\n <\/span>\n \n <\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_1_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_3'>Correo electr\u00f3nico<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n <input name='input_3' id='input_1_3' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Correo' aria-invalid=\"false\" \/>\n <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-phone gfield--input-type-phone gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_9'>Tel\u00e9fono<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_phone'><input name='input_9' id='input_1_9' type='tel' value='' class='large' placeholder='Su n\u00famero' aria-invalid=\"false\" \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_4'>Procedimiento<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_4' id='input_1_4' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='Consulta' >Consulta<\/option><option value='Agendar cirug\u00eda' >Agendar cirug\u00eda<\/option><\/select><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-date gfield--input-type-date gfield--input-type-datepicker gfield--datepicker-default-icon gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_6'>Fecha<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_date'>\n <input name='input_6' id='input_1_6' type='text' value='' class='datepicker gform-datepicker dmy datepicker_with_icon gdatepicker_with_icon' placeholder='dd\/mm\/aaaa' aria-describedby=\"input_1_6_date_format\" aria-invalid=\"false\" \/>\n <span id='input_1_6_date_format' class='screen-reader-text'>DD barra MM barra AAAA<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type='hidden' id='gforms_calendar_icon_input_1_6' class='gform_hidden' value='https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/datepicker\/datepicker.svg'\/><\/div><fieldset id=\"field_1_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-time gfield--input-type-time gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Hora<\/legend><div class=\"ginput_container ginput_complex gform-grid-row\">\n <div class='gfield_time_hour ginput_container ginput_container_time gform-grid-col' id='input_1_8'>\n <input type='number' maxlength='2' name='input_8[]' id='input_1_8_1' value='' min='0' max='12' step='1' placeholder='HH' aria-required='false' \/> \n <label class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hour_label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8_1'>Horas<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"below hour_minute_colon gform-grid-col\">:<\/div>\n <div class='gfield_time_minute ginput_container ginput_container_time gform-grid-col'>\n <input type='number' maxlength='2' name='input_8[]' id='input_1_8_2' value='' min='0' max='59' step='1' placeholder='MM' aria-required='false' \/>\n <label class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub minute_label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8_2'>Minutos<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class='gfield_time_ampm ginput_container ginput_container_time below gform-grid-col' >\n \n <select name='input_8[]' id='input_1_8_3' >\n <option value='am' >AM<\/option>\n <option value='pm' >PM<\/option>\n <\/select> \n <label class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub am_pm_label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8_3'>AM\/PM<\/label> \n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_1_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_7'>Cl\u00ednica<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_7' id='input_1_7' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='clinicas_panamed' >PanaMed Cl\u00ednicas y Hospital de Especialidades<\/option><option value='clinicas_pimental' >Cl\u00ednicas de Especialidades M\u00e9dicas El Pimental<\/option><\/select><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea gfield--input-type-textarea gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_5'>Motivo de la consulta<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_5' id='input_1_5' class='textarea medium' placeholder='Explique el motivo de la consulta' aria-invalid=\"false\" rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n <div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_1' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' value='Agendar' \/> \n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_1' value='postback' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_1' id='gform_theme_1' value='orbital' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_1' id='gform_style_settings_1' value='[]' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_1' value='1' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='1' \/>\n \n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_1' 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document.createElement( \"span\" ); visibilitySpan.id = \"gform_visibility_test_1\"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( \"afterend\", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( \"gform_visibility_test_1\" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; gform.core.triggerPostRenderEvents( 1, current_page ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} );\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n <div class=\"btn-colapse\">\n <div class=\"collapse colaps-faq\" id=\"collapseExample\">\n <div class=\"head-faq\">\n <img decoding=\"async\"\n src=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/chat-bot-1.webp\"\n alt=\"#\"\n class=\"img-faq\"\n \/>\n <\/div>\n\n <div id=\"accordion\">\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingOne\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseOne\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseOne\"\n >\n Tengo dolor, pero no s\u00e9 si realmente necesito un cirujano.<br \/>\u00bfPuedo\n consultarte igual?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseOne\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingOne\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed, claro. No todo dolor termina en cirug\u00eda. La consulta sirve\n precisamente para evaluar qu\u00e9 est\u00e1 pasando y decidir si se\n trata de algo quir\u00fargico o no, y cu\u00e1l es el mejor manejo en tu\n caso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwo\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwo\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwo\"\n >\n Me dijeron que \u201ctengo piedras en la ves\u00edcula\u201d, pero no<br \/>siempre\n me duele. \u00bfIgual deber\u00eda operarme?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwo\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwo\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Es v\u00e1lido. Mi trabajo es explicarte las opciones, los riesgos\n y beneficios de cada una. La decisi\u00f3n final siempre la tomas\n t\u00fa, con informaci\u00f3n clara y honesta.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingThree\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseThree\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseThree\"\n >\n \u00bfY si prefiero no operarme por ahora?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseThree\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingThree\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n No siempre es obligatorio operar de inmediato. Todo depende de\n tus s\u00edntomas, la frecuencia del dolor y el riesgo de\n complicaciones. En consulta evaluamos si es momento de operar\n o si a\u00fan es seguro observar.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFour\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFour\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFour\"\n >\n \u00bfC\u00f3mo s\u00e9 si mi caso es urgente o puede esperar?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n\n <div\n id=\"collapseFour\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFour\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Hay s\u00edntomas que indican urgencia, como dolor intenso y\n persistente, fiebre, v\u00f3mitos continuos o empeoramiento r\u00e1pido.\n Si tienes duda, lo mejor es evaluarte a tiempo para no correr\n riesgos innecesarios.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFive\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFive\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFive\"\n >\n Me da miedo la anestesia, \u00bfes normal?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseFive\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFive\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Es completamente normal. Antes de cualquier cirug\u00eda se hace\n una evaluaci\u00f3n anest\u00e9sica para reducir riesgos al m\u00e1ximo y\n resolver todas tus dudas. No est\u00e1s solo en ese proceso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSix\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSix\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSix\"\n >\n \u00bfDespu\u00e9s de la cirug\u00eda voy a tener mucho dolor?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSix\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSix\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n La mayor\u00eda de pacientes refiere dolor leve a moderado,\n especialmente cuando se utiliza cirug\u00eda m\u00ednimamente invasiva.\n Adem\u00e1s, el manejo del dolor forma parte importante del\n tratamiento.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSeven\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSeven\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSeven\"\n >\n \u00bfCu\u00e1ntos d\u00edas tendr\u00eda que estar hospitalizado?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSeven\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSeven\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Depende del procedimiento y de tu evoluci\u00f3n. Muchas cirug\u00edas\n laparosc\u00f3picas permiten egreso temprano, incluso el mismo d\u00eda\n o al d\u00eda siguiente.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingEight\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseEight\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseEight\"\n >\n \u00bfCu\u00e1ndo podr\u00eda volver a trabajar o hacer mi vida normal?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseEight\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingEight\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Var\u00eda seg\u00fan la cirug\u00eda y tu tipo de trabajo, pero en general\n la recuperaci\u00f3n es m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida con t\u00e9cnicas m\u00ednimamente\n invasivas. En consulta te doy tiempos realistas para tu caso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingNine\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseNine\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseNine\"\n >\n \u00bfSi ya me dijeron que necesito cirug\u00eda, igual tengo que\n consultarte?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseNine\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingNine\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed. Cada cirujano eval\u00faa el caso de forma individual. La\n consulta permite confirmar el diagn\u00f3stico, discutir opciones y\n resolver dudas antes de tomar una decisi\u00f3n.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTen\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTen\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTen\"\n >\n \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa si dejo pasar el tiempo y no me opero?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTen\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTen\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Depende del diagn\u00f3stico. Algunas condiciones pueden mantenerse\n estables, pero otras pueden complicarse. Por eso es importante\n valorar riesgos y no decidir solo con miedo o suposiciones.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingEleven\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseEleven\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseEleven\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo hacerte preguntas sin sentir que \u201cmolesto\u201d?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseEleven\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingEleven\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Por supuesto. Entender tu diagn\u00f3stico y sentirte tranquilo es\n parte del tratamiento. No hay preguntas incorrectas cuando se\n trata de tu salud.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwelve\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwelve\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwelve\"\n >\n \u00bfLa cirug\u00eda siempre es la primera opci\u00f3n?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwelve\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwelve\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n No. Muchas veces se puede intentar manejo m\u00e9dico o\n conservador. La cirug\u00eda se indica cuando realmente aporta\n beneficio o evita complicaciones.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingThirtee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseThirtee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseThirtee\"\n >\n \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa si durante la cirug\u00eda encuentran algo diferente?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseThirtee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingThirtee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Antes del procedimiento se habla de los posibles escenarios.\n Las decisiones se toman pensando siempre en tu seguridad y en\n resolver el problema de la mejor manera posible.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFourtee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFourtee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFourtee\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo operarme aunque tenga otras enfermedades?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseFourtee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFourtee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed, pero primero se hace una evaluaci\u00f3n completa. El objetivo\n es optimizar tu estado de salud antes de la cirug\u00eda para\n reducir riesgos.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFiftee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFiftee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFiftee\"\n >\n \u00bfQui\u00e9n me explica todo antes de operarme?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseFiftee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFiftee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Yo mismo. Me tomo el tiempo para explicarte el diagn\u00f3stico, el\n procedimiento, los riesgos y el proceso de recuperaci\u00f3n, de\n forma clara y sin prisas.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSixtee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSixtee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSixtee\"\n >\n \u00bfY si cambio de opini\u00f3n despu\u00e9s de la consulta?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSixtee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSixtee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n No hay problema. La consulta es para informarte y orientarte.\n Puedes tomarte el tiempo que necesites para decidir.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSeventee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSeventee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSeventee\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo escribir si despu\u00e9s de la consulta me surgen m\u00e1s dudas?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSeventee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSeventee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed. Es normal que surjan preguntas despu\u00e9s. Mi equipo y yo\n estamos para orientarte durante todo el proceso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingEightee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseEightee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseEightee\"\n >\n \u00bfEste chat sirve para saber si me tengo que operar ya?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseEightee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingEightee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Este chat ayuda a orientarte, pero no reemplaza una valoraci\u00f3n\n m\u00e9dica. Para tomar decisiones importantes siempre es necesaria\n una consulta presencial.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingNinetee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseNinetee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseNinetee\"\n >\n \u00bfAtiendes casos que otros m\u00e9dicos consideran \u201cdif\u00edciles\u201d?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseNinetee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingNinetee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Cada caso merece una evaluaci\u00f3n individual. En consulta\n revisamos tu situaci\u00f3n con calma para definir la mejor\n estrategia.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen\"\n >\n \u00bfQu\u00e9 es lo m\u00e1s importante que deber\u00eda saber antes de una\n cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Que la cirug\u00eda es solo una parte del proceso. La evaluaci\u00f3n,\n la preparaci\u00f3n, el seguimiento y la recuperaci\u00f3n son igual de\n importantes para un buen resultado.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen1\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen1\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen1\"\n >\n \u00bfLa anestesia es diferente si la cirug\u00eda es abierta o\n laparosc\u00f3pica?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen1\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen1\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed, puede variar seg\u00fan el tipo de cirug\u00eda y tu condici\u00f3n de\n salud. En ambos casos la anestesia se elige pensando en tu\n seguridad, comodidad y una buena recuperaci\u00f3n.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen2\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen2\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen2\"\n >\n \u00bfVoy a estar completamente dormido durante la cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen2\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen2\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n En la mayor\u00eda de cirug\u00edas abdominales s\u00ed, utilizamos anestesia\n general para que no sientas dolor ni tengas recuerdos del\n procedimiento. El anestesi\u00f3logo te eval\u00faa previamente y te\n explica todo con detalle.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen3\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen3\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen3\"\n >\n \u00bfEs m\u00e1s riesgosa la anestesia que la cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen3\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen3\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n En pacientes evaluados correctamente, el riesgo anest\u00e9sico\n suele ser bajo. Por eso es tan importante la valoraci\u00f3n\n previa, donde se revisan tus antecedentes y se optimiza todo\n antes del procedimiento.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen4\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen4\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen4\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo despertarme durante la cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen4\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen4\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Es una preocupaci\u00f3n com\u00fan, pero extremadamente rara. La\n anestesia moderna se monitoriza de forma continua para\n mantenerte dormido y seguro durante todo el procedimiento.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen5\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen5\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen5\"\n >\n \u00bfDespu\u00e9s de la anestesia me sentir\u00e9 muy mal o desorientado?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen5\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen5\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Al despertar puedes sentir somnolencia, mareo leve o n\u00e1useas,\n pero suele ser temporal. El equipo se encarga de controlar\n estos s\u00edntomas para que tu recuperaci\u00f3n sea lo m\u00e1s c\u00f3moda\n posible.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <button\n class=\"btn-colapso btn\"\n type=\"button\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseExample\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseExample\"\n >\n <div class=\"row row-tooltip justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n <div class=\"col-tooltip1 col-tooltip\">\n <i class=\"fa-regular fa-comment-dots\" style=\"color: white\"><\/i>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"col-tooltip2 col-tooltip\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">Chatea con nosotros<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <footer>\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"row g-4 mb-4 row-footer-top\">\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer1\">\n <a class=\"logo-footer\" href=\"#\">\n <img decoding=\"async\"\n src=\"http:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/logo-footer.webp\"\n alt=\"logo-header\"\n \/>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer2\">\n <h5>Mi web<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Inicio<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Somos<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Procedimientos<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n >Condiciones quir\u00fargicas<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n >Informaci\u00f3n para el paciente<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Gu\u00eda para estudiantes<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Agendar cita<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer3\">\n <h5 class=\"font-creato\">Mis redes<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#inicio\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n ><i class=\"fa-brands fa-instagram\"><\/i>\n @cirujanodrjulioestrada<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#sobre-mi\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n ><i class=\"fa-brands fa-facebook-f\"><\/i> Dr Julio Estrada<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#servicios\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n ><i class=\"fa-brands fa-youtube\"><\/i> Dr Julio Estrada<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer4\">\n <div class=\"cont-contacto-foot cont-contacto-foot1\">\n <h5 class=\"font-creato\">Cont\u00e1ctame<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">+502 77620324<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">+502 78321756<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-contacto-foot cont-contacto-foot2\">\n <h5 class=\"font-creato\">Mi correo<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n >drjulioestrada@panamed.com.gt<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"border-footer opacity-50\" \/>\n\n <div\n class=\"row row-footer-bot justify-content-evenly align-items-center\"\n >\n <div class=\"col-foot-bot col-foot-bot1\">\n <p class=\"small font-creato text-muted mb-0 txt-foot txt-foot1\">\n © 2025-2026 Dr. Julio Estrada. Todos los derechos reservados.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-foot-bot col-foot-bot2\">\n <p class=\"small font-creato text-muted mb-0 txt-foot txt-foot2\">\n Desarrollado por\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-muted\">Enfoca2’s Studios<\/a>\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/footer>\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n <script>\n \/\/ Soluci\u00f3n JS para m\u00faltiples dropdowns con sub\u2011men\u00fas animados\n \/\/ SIN modificar la estructura HTML. Funciona con cualquier n\u00famero de .item-procedis\n\n document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function () {\n \/\/ Selecciona todos los contenedores principales de cada dropdown\n const items = document.querySelectorAll(\".item-procedis\");\n\n items.forEach((item) => {\n \/\/ Obtener el toggle principal (el que abre el men\u00fa Bootstrap)\n const mainToggle = item.querySelector(\".btn-procedi\");\n if (!mainToggle) return;\n\n \/\/ El men\u00fa principal (dropdown-menu) es el siguiente hermano del toggle\n const parentMenu = mainToggle.nextElementSibling;\n if (!parentMenu || !parentMenu.classList.contains(\"dropdown-menu\"))\n return;\n\n \/\/ Buscar todos los sub\u2011toggles y sus respectivos sub\u2011men\u00fas dentro de .contain-drops\n const subToggles = parentMenu.querySelectorAll(\n \".sub-dropdown-toggle\",\n );\n const subMenus = parentMenu.querySelectorAll(\n \".contain-drops .drop-inter\",\n );\n\n \/\/ Funci\u00f3n para quitar la clase 'activo' de todos los .btn-inter-procedi dentro de este men\u00fa padre\n function removeActivoFromAll() {\n const allBtns = parentMenu.querySelectorAll(\".btn-inter-procedi\");\n allBtns.forEach((btn) => btn.classList.remove(\"activo\"));\n }\n\n \/\/ Funci\u00f3n para cerrar todos los sub\u2011men\u00fas y quitar la clase activo\n function closeAllSubMenus() {\n subMenus.forEach((menu) => menu.classList.remove(\"show\"));\n removeActivoFromAll();\n }\n\n \/\/ Asignar evento a cada sub\u2011toggle\n subToggles.forEach((toggle, index) => {\n \/\/ Eliminar eventos previos para evitar duplicados\n toggle.removeEventListener(\"click\", toggle._handler);\n const handler = function (e) {\n e.preventDefault();\n e.stopPropagation(); \/\/ Evita que Bootstrap cierre el dropdown padre\n\n const targetMenu = subMenus[index];\n if (!targetMenu) return;\n\n if (targetMenu.classList.contains(\"show\")) {\n \/\/ Si ya est\u00e1 abierto: lo cerramos y quitamos la clase activo de este toggle\n targetMenu.classList.remove(\"show\");\n toggle.classList.remove(\"activo\");\n } else {\n \/\/ Cerramos cualquier otro y abrimos el actual\n closeAllSubMenus();\n targetMenu.classList.add(\"show\");\n \/\/ Agregamos la clase 'activo' al enlace que abri\u00f3 el sub\u2011dropdown\n toggle.classList.add(\"activo\");\n }\n };\n toggle.addEventListener(\"click\", handler);\n toggle._handler = handler; \/\/ Guardar referencia para posible remoci\u00f3n\n });\n\n \/\/ Cerrar sub\u2011men\u00fas al hacer clic en el men\u00fa padre (pero no sobre los sub\u2011toggles ni los sub\u2011men\u00fas)\n parentMenu.addEventListener(\"click\", function (e) {\n if (\n !e.target.closest(\".sub-dropdown-toggle\") &&\n !e.target.closest(\".drop-inter\")\n ) {\n closeAllSubMenus();\n }\n });\n\n \/\/ Cuando el dropdown principal se cierra (por clic fuera o ESC), limpiar sub\u2011men\u00fas y clases activo\n mainToggle.addEventListener(\"hidden.bs.dropdown\", closeAllSubMenus);\n });\n });\n <\/script>\n <\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Julio Estrada – Cirug\u00eda General y Laparosc\u00f3pica Inicio Somos Procedimientos Cirug\u00eda de Apendice Cirug\u00eda de Ves\u00edcula Cirug\u00eda de Hernias […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9919,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"unboxed","site-sidebar-style":"unboxed","ast-global-header-display":"disabled","ast-banner-title-visibility":"disabled","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9926","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9926"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12541,"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9926\/revisions\/12541"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":9926,"date":"2026-05-14T21:02:50","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T21:02:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/?page_id=9926"},"modified":"2026-06-02T22:20:36","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T22:20:36","slug":"abc-de-laparoscopia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/guia-para-estudiantes\/abc-de-laparoscopia\/","title":{"rendered":"ABC de Laparoscop\u00eda"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n \n \n \n Dr. Julio Estrada – Cirug\u00eda General y Laparosc\u00f3pica<\/title>\n \n \n \n <link\n href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/font-awesome\/6.4.0\/css\/all.min.css\"\n rel=\"stylesheet\"\n \/>\n\n \n \n\n \n \n <\/head>\n\n <body>\n \n <nav class=\"navbar navbar-expand-lg sticky-top navbar-light\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <a class=\"navbar-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/\">\n <img decoding=\"async\"\n src=\"http:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/logo-header.webp\"\n alt=\"logo-header\"\n \/>\n <\/a>\n\n <button\n class=\"navbar-toggler\"\n type=\"button\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#navbarNav\"\n >\n <span class=\"navbar-toggler-icon\"><\/span>\n <\/button>\n\n <div class=\"collapse navbar-collapse\" id=\"navbarNav\">\n <ul class=\"navbar-nav ms-auto align-items-lg-center\">\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/\"\n >Inicio<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/somos\/\"\n >Somos<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <div class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n >Procedimientos<\/a\n >\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0\">\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#apendice\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Apendice<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#vesicula\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Ves\u00edcula<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#hernias\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Hernias\n Abdominales<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#exploracion\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Exploraci\u00f3n<\/span> de la V\u00eda\n Biliar<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#ercp\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">ERCP<\/span> (Endoscopic\n Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) – Colangiopancreatograf\u00eda\n Retr\u00f3grada Endosc\u00f3pica) – Colangiopancreatograf\u00eda Retr\u00f3grada\n Endosc\u00f3pica<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#colangiografia\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Colangiograf\u00eda<\/span>\n Intraoperatoria<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#emergencia\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Emergencia<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#abdomen-agudo\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Abdomen Agudo no\n <span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Traum\u00e1tico<\/span><\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#obstruccion-intestinal\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Obstrucci\u00f3n<\/span> Intestinal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#perforacion\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Perforaci\u00f3n<\/span> de Viscera\n Hueca<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#pancreatitis\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Pancreatitis<\/span> Aguda\n Grave<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#diverticulitis\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Diverticulitis<\/span> Aguda\n Complicada<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#trauma-abdominal\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Trauma<\/span> Abdominal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#abdomen-abierto\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Abdomen Abierto<\/span> y\n <span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cirug\u00eda<\/span> de Control de\n Da\u00f1os<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#catastrofe-abdominal\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Cat\u00e1strofe<\/span> Abdominal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/procedimientos\/#abdomen-agudo-pediatria\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n ><span class=\"font-acent-ub\">Abdomen Agudo<\/span> en\n Pediatr\u00eda<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n >Condiciones quir\u00fargicas<\/a\n >\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0\">\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-apendice\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Ap\u00e9ndice (Apendicitis)<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-vesicula\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Ves\u00edcula Biliar<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-hernias-de-la-pared-abdominal\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Hernias de la Pared Abdominal<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-diastasis-de-rectos\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Di\u00e1stasis de rectos Abdominales<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-pie-diabetico\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Pie diab\u00e9tico<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-cirugia-menor\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Cirug\u00eda menor<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/condiciones-quirurgicas\/condiciones-quirurgicas-suturas\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Suturas<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a\n class=\"nav-link\"\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/informacion-para-el-paciente\/\"\n >Informaci\u00f3n del paciente<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <div class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle active\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n >Gu\u00eda para Estudiantes<\/a\n >\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0\">\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/guia-para-estudiantes\/abc-de-laparoscopia\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item active\"\n >ABC de Laparoscop\u00eda<\/a\n >\n\n <a\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/guia-para-estudiantes\/guia-para-estudiantes-de-pregrado\/\"\n class=\"dropdown-item\"\n >Gu\u00eda para estudiantes de pregrado<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a\n class=\"d-tlf nav-link\"\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/agendar\/\"\n >Agendar Cita<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <div class=\"btn-head\">\n <a\n class=\"d-desk nav-link btn-nav\"\n href=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/agendar\/\"\n >Agendar Cita<\/a\n >\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/nav>\n\n \n <section id=\"procedis\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"contain-hero-procedis\">\n <div class=\"row row-hero-procedis\">\n <div class=\"col-hero-procedis col-hero-procedis1\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-hero-procedis col-hero-procedis2\">\n <h4 class=\"font-creato titu-hero-procedi\">gu\u00eda<\/h4>\n <h3 class=\"font-creato titus-hero-procedi\">Para Estudiantes<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"font-creato txt-hero-procedi\">\n Esta secci\u00f3n tiene como objetivo ofrecer un \u201cABC\u201d estructurado y\n pr\u00e1ctico de la cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, basado en textos cl\u00e1sicos\n de cirug\u00eda general, manuales de sociedades cient\u00edficas y gu\u00edas\n cl\u00ednicas internacionales.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section id=\"info-procedis\">\n <div class=\"contain-important\">\n <div class=\"cont-important\">\n <h3 class=\"font-creato titu-important\">Gu\u00eda estudiantil<\/h3>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"container my-5 py-4\">\n <div class=\"contain-procedis\">\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis1\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">1. Introducci\u00f3n y Fundamentos<\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Introducci\u00f3n<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica se ha consolidado como el abordaje\n est\u00e1ndar para m\u00faltiples patolog\u00edas abdominales, desplazando en\n muchos casos a la cirug\u00eda abierta convencional, ya que para\n algunos procedimientos se ha convertido en el est\u00e1ndar de oro.\n Para el estudiante de medicina y el m\u00e9dico en formaci\u00f3n,\n comprender sus principios no solo es deseable, sino necesario\n para integrarse de forma segura y eficiente al equipo\n quir\u00fargico. Esta secci\u00f3n tiena como objetivo ofrecer un \u201cABC\u201d\n estructurado y pr\u00e1ctico de la cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, basado en\n textos cl\u00e1sicos de cirug\u00eda general, manuales de sociedades\n cient\u00edficas y gu\u00edas cl\u00ednicas internacionales. No pretende\n reemplazar la formaci\u00f3n formal, sino servir como puerta de\n entrada y material de apoyo para tus rotaciones en cirug\u00eda\n general y laparosc\u00f3pica.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Fundamentos fisiol\u00f3gicos y t\u00e9cnicos de la laparoscopia\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica se basa en la creaci\u00f3n de un espacio\n de trabajo dentro de la cavidad abdominal mediante\n neumoperitoneo, introducci\u00f3n de trocares y uso de una c\u00e1mara\n con fuente de luz fr\u00eda que proyecta la imagen en un monitor.\n Esto transforma la visi\u00f3n directa tridimensional en una visi\u00f3n\n bidimensional, y exige al cirujano desarrollar coordinaci\u00f3n\n mano-ojo y habilidades psicomotoras espec\u00edficas.<br \/>El\n neumoperitoneo se realiza habitualmente con di\u00f3xido de carbono\n (CO\u2082) por su alta solubilidad en sangre, bajo riesgo de\n embolia gaseosa y ausencia de riesgo de combusti\u00f3n. En\n pacientes adultos, las presiones de trabajo recomendadas\n suelen situarse entre 10 y 15 mmHg, utilizando siempre la\n presi\u00f3n m\u00e1s baja que permita una adecuada exposici\u00f3n del\n campo. El aumento de la presi\u00f3n intraabdominal reduce el\n retorno venoso y puede afectar la funci\u00f3n respiratoria, por lo\n que es esencial la monitorizaci\u00f3n hemodin\u00e1mica y ventilatoria,\n especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades cardiovasculares\n o pulmonares.<br \/>El acceso a la cavidad peritoneal puede ser\n cerrado (aguja de Veress) u abierto (t\u00e9cnica de Hasson). La\n elecci\u00f3n depende de la experiencia del cirujano, el h\u00e1bito\n corporal y el antecedente de cirug\u00edas previas. Las gu\u00edas de la\n EAES se\u00f1alan que la evidencia disponible no permite favorecer\n de forma absoluta un m\u00e9todo sobre el otro, siempre que la\n t\u00e9cnica se ejecute de forma correcta y con una adecuada curva\n de aprendizaje.<br \/>La torre de laparoscop\u00eda incluye: fuente\n de luz, insuflador de CO\u2082, c\u00e1mara, monitor(es) y, con\n frecuencia, un sistema de registro de video (yo lo incluyo en\n todas mis cirug\u00edas). La calidad de la imagen, la posici\u00f3n del\n monitor y la ergonom\u00eda del cirujano influyen directamente en\n la precisi\u00f3n de los movimientos y, por tanto, en la seguridad\n del procedimiento.<br \/>El programa Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) ha estandarizado el entrenamiento\n en habilidades b\u00e1sicas, incluyendo tareas como corte con\n tijera, agarre y traslado de objetos, colocaci\u00f3n de suturas\n intracorp\u00f3reas y extracorp\u00f3reas, y manipulaci\u00f3n bimanual\n coordinada. Estas destrezas son aplicables de forma\n transversal a la mayor\u00eda de los procedimientos laparosc\u00f3picos\n b\u00e1sicos.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis2\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 2. Anatom\u00eda aplicada a Procedimientos Laparosc\u00f3picos\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Anatom\u00eda aplicada a procedimientos laparosc\u00f3picos frecuentes\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La anatom\u00eda aplicada es uno de los pilares de la cirug\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica. El cambio de perspectiva y el aumento de la\n imagen exigen que el estudiante reconozca referencias\n anat\u00f3micas en un entorno diferente al de la cirug\u00eda abierta.\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Colecistectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica: Es uno de los procedimientos\n laparosc\u00f3picos m\u00e1s frecuentes. El objetivo principal es\n resecar la ves\u00edcula biliar preservando la integridad de la\n v\u00eda biliar principal y las estructuras vasculares. Para\n ello, se utiliza el concepto de \u201cCritical View of Safety\n (CVS)\u201d. Este exige: 1). Limpiar completamente el tri\u00e1ngulo\n hepatoc\u00edstico de tejido fibroadiposo. 2). Despegar el tercio\n inferior de la ves\u00edcula del lecho hep\u00e1tico. 3).E identificar\n s\u00f3lo dos estructuras que entran a la ves\u00edcula (arteria\n c\u00edstica y conducto c\u00edstico) antes de clipar y\n seccionarlas.<br \/>El tri\u00e1ngulo hepatoc\u00edstico est\u00e1 limitado\n por el conducto c\u00edstico, el conducto hep\u00e1tico com\u00fan y el\n borde inferior del h\u00edgado. Debe diferenciarse del tri\u00e1ngulo\n descrito cl\u00e1sicamente por Calot. La adecuada exposici\u00f3n\n mediante tracci\u00f3n cef\u00e1lica y lateral del fondo y el\n infund\u00edbulo vesicular, as\u00ed como la disecci\u00f3n cuidadosa\n cercana a la ves\u00edcula, son medidas clave para disminuir el\n riesgo de lesi\u00f3n de la v\u00eda biliar.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Apendicectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica: La apendicectom\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica permite la exploraci\u00f3n completa de la cavidad\n abdominal, lo cual es \u00fatil en casos de diagn\u00f3stico incierto\n de dolor en fosa il\u00edaca derecha. El ciego suele\n identificarse por la convergencia de las tenias del colon,\n que conducen al origen del ap\u00e9ndice. Es fundamental\n reconocer variantes de posici\u00f3n (retrocecal, p\u00e9lvica,\n subcecal) y valorar el grado de inflamaci\u00f3n.<br \/>La\n disecci\u00f3n se realiza habitualmente separando el\n mesoap\u00e9ndice, controlando el ped\u00edculo vascular con clips o\n dispositivos de energ\u00eda, y ligando la base apendicular\n mediante endoloop, clips o sutura mec\u00e1nica. En apendicitis\n complicadas, es importante un adecuado lavado de la cavidad,\n evitando la contaminaci\u00f3n de los trocares al extraer la\n pieza.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Hernioplastia inguinal laparosc\u00f3pica: Existen dos abordajes\n principales: TEP (Total Extraperitoneal) y TAPP\n (Transabdominal Preperitoneal). Ambos buscan reforzar la\n pared posterior del canal inguinal con una malla colocada en\n el espacio preperitoneal. El estudiante debe familiarizarse\n con referencias como el ligamento de Cooper, los vasos\n epig\u00e1stricos inferiores, el orificio miopect\u00edneo, los vasos\n il\u00edacos externos y el \u00e1rea del tri\u00e1ngulo de la condena\n (tri\u00e1ngulo de la perdici\u00f3n) y el tri\u00e1ngulo del dolor, donde\n se localizan nervios importantes.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n El conocimiento de estas zonas de riesgo disminuye la\n probabilidad de complicaciones como dolor cr\u00f3nico\n posoperatorio, sangrado o lesi\u00f3n vascular.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis3\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 3. Posici\u00f3n del paciente, Instrumental b\u00e1sico, Seguridad\n Complicaciones y conceptos clave\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Posici\u00f3n del paciente, equipo quir\u00fargico y ergonom\u00eda\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La correcta posici\u00f3n del paciente y del equipo quir\u00fargico\n tiene impacto directo en la seguridad y la eficiencia de la\n cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica.<br \/>En colecistectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica,\n el paciente suele colocarse en dec\u00fabito supino con ligera\n proclive (anti-Trendelemburg) y rotaci\u00f3n hacia la izquierda\n para desplazar v\u00edsceras y mejorar la exposici\u00f3n de la\n ves\u00edcula. En apendicectom\u00eda, con frecuencia se utiliza\n Trendelemburg moderado y ligera rotaci\u00f3n hacia la izquierda\n para movilizar asas intestinales lejos de la fosa il\u00edaca\n derecha. En hernioplastias, la posici\u00f3n supina con ligera\n flexi\u00f3n de cadera es habitual.<br \/>La posici\u00f3n del cirujano y\n del ayudante debe permitir movimientos c\u00f3modos, con los\n hombros relajados, codos cercanos al tronco y manos trabajando\n por debajo del nivel del coraz\u00f3n. El monitor debe situarse\n frente al cirujano, a la altura de sus ojos, para reducir la\n fatiga cervical. Las gu\u00edas de ergonom\u00eda en laparoscop\u00eda\n recomiendan ajustar la altura de la mesa, el \u00e1ngulo de los\n instrumentos y la distancia al monitor para minimizar la\n fatiga y mejorar la precisi\u00f3n de los movimientos.<br \/>El\n estudiante debe observar y aprender estas configuraciones\n desde el inicio de su formaci\u00f3n, ya que la ergonom\u00eda\n deficiente contribuye a errores t\u00e9cnicos, temblor, movimientos\n bruscos y, a largo plazo, a lesiones musculoesquel\u00e9ticas del\n cirujano.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Instrumental b\u00e1sico y fuentes de energ\u00eda\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n El instrumental laparosc\u00f3pico combina elementos de acceso\n (trocares), visualizaci\u00f3n (\u00f3pticas y c\u00e1maras) y manipulaci\u00f3n\n (pinzas, disectores, tijeras, portaagujas, grapadoras,\n dispositivos de energ\u00eda).<br \/>Las \u00f3pticas m\u00e1s utilizadas son\n de 0\u00b0 y 30\u00b0. La de 30\u00b0 permite variar el \u00e1ngulo de visi\u00f3n\n rotando la c\u00e1mara, lo que facilita la exploraci\u00f3n de recesos y\n estructuras. Los trocares var\u00edan en di\u00e1metro (habitualmente 5\n y 10\u201312 mm) y pueden ser desechables o reutilizables. La\n distribuci\u00f3n de los trocares debe planificarse para generar\n triangulaci\u00f3n adecuada alrededor del \u00f3rgano diana.<br \/>Las\n fuentes de energ\u00eda incluyen electrocoagulaci\u00f3n monopolar,\n bipolar, dispositivos avanzados de sellado vascular y energ\u00eda\n ultras\u00f3nica. Cada tecnolog\u00eda tiene un perfil de seguridad,\n profundidad de necrosis tisular y capacidad de sellado\n diferente. Es importante conocer los principios b\u00e1sicos para\n evitar lesiones t\u00e9rmicas inadvertidas a estructuras vasculares\n o viscerales.<br \/>El estudiante debe familiarizarse con el\n montaje de la torre, conexiones, calibraci\u00f3n de la c\u00e1mara,\n enfoque y comprobaci\u00f3n de la integridad del instrumental antes\n del inicio de cada procedimiento. Entender c\u00f3mo solucionar\n problemas frecuentes \u2014como empa\u00f1amiento de la \u00f3ptica, p\u00e9rdida\n de neumoperitoneo o falla de insuflaci\u00f3n\u2014 forma parte del ABC\n t\u00e9cnico de la laparoscop\u00eda.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n Seguridad, complicaciones y conceptos clave\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La seguridad del paciente es el eje central de la cirug\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica moderna. Las sociedades cient\u00edficas han generado\n recomendaciones espec\u00edficas para reducir complicaciones, entre\n ellas las lesiones de la v\u00eda biliar, vasculares y\n viscerales.<br \/>En colecistectom\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, el uso\n sistem\u00e1tico del Critical View of Safety, el respeto de planos\n anat\u00f3micos cercanos a la ves\u00edcula y la conversi\u00f3n temprana a\n cirug\u00eda abierta ante dudas anat\u00f3micas o inflamaci\u00f3n severa son\n estrategias con fuerte respaldo en gu\u00edas cl\u00ednicas. Adem\u00e1s, se\n han propuesto algoritmos para el manejo de lesiones de la v\u00eda\n biliar, enfatizando la importancia de su reconocimiento\n intraoperatorio y la referencia temprana a centros con\n experiencia cuando se sospechan lesiones complejas.<br \/><br \/>En\n t\u00e9rminos generales, las complicaciones de la laparoscop\u00eda\n pueden dividirse en:\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Complicaciones del acceso: lesiones vasculares mayores,\n lesi\u00f3n de v\u00edscera hueca, enfisema subcut\u00e1neo extensivo.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Complicaciones del neumoperitoneo: alteraciones\n hemodin\u00e1micas, hipercapnia, complicaciones respiratorias.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Complicaciones espec\u00edficas del procedimiento: sangrado,\n lesi\u00f3n de estructuras vecinas, fuga biliar, infecci\u00f3n de\n sitio operatorio.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Las gu\u00edas de sociedades como EAES, SAGES, WSES y asociaciones\n latinoamericanas insisten en la importancia de la formaci\u00f3n\n estructurada, el uso de simulaci\u00f3n, la evaluaci\u00f3n objetiva de\n competencias y el trabajo en equipos quir\u00fargicos\n entrenados.<br \/>Para el estudiante, el mensaje clave es\n comprender que la laparoscop\u00eda no es \u201csolo hacer la misma\n cirug\u00eda por agujeros peque\u00f1os\u201d. Implica cambios en la\n fisiolog\u00eda, la forma de ver la anatom\u00eda y la t\u00e9cnica\n quir\u00fargica. El respeto de estos principios es esencial para\n contribuir a la seguridad del paciente.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis4\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 4. Rol del estudiante de medicina y errores frecuentes\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Rol del Estudiante<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n El estudiante de medicina tiene un rol activo en el entorno de\n la cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica, incluso antes de tomar instrumentos.\n Su actitud, preparaci\u00f3n y capacidad de observaci\u00f3n influyen en\n su aprendizaje y en la din\u00e1mica del equipo.<br \/><br \/>Responsabilidades\n y actitudes recomendadas:\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Llegar puntual al hospital y revisar la lista de cirug\u00edas\n programadas.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Leer previamente sobre la patolog\u00eda y el procedimiento que\n se realizar\u00e1.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Conocer los datos cl\u00ednicos esenciales del paciente.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Respetar la asepsia, la confidencialidad y las normas del\n quir\u00f3fano.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n Preguntar de forma oportuna y respetuosa, evitando\n interrumpir momentos cr\u00edticos del procedimiento.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Las gu\u00edas de sociedades como EAES, SAGES, WSES y asociaciones\n latinoamericanas insisten en la importancia de la formaci\u00f3n\n estructurada, el uso de simulaci\u00f3n, la evaluaci\u00f3n objetiva de\n competencias y el trabajo en equipos quir\u00fargicos\n entrenados.<br \/>Para el estudiante, el mensaje clave es\n comprender que la laparoscop\u00eda no es \u201csolo hacer la misma\n cirug\u00eda por agujeros peque\u00f1os\u201d. Implica cambios en la\n fisiolog\u00eda, la forma de ver la anatom\u00eda y la t\u00e9cnica\n quir\u00fargica. El respeto de estos principios es esencial para\n contribuir a la seguridad del paciente.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Errores frecuentes<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Errores frecuentes del estudiante o primer asistente en\n laparoscop\u00eda:\n <\/p>\n\n <ul class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n No seguir con la c\u00e1mara el movimiento de los instrumentos\n del cirujano.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Traccionar en direcci\u00f3n incorrecta, dificultando la\n exposici\u00f3n.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n No anticipar las necesidades del cirujano (cambio de pinza,\n cambio de \u00e1ngulo de visi\u00f3n, aspiraci\u00f3n).\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Distraerse con la pantalla u otros elementos ajenos al\n procedimiento.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n No comunicar adecuadamente cuando se pierde la visi\u00f3n o\n entra sangre en el campo.\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n Corregir estos errores tempranamente, idealmente con\n retroalimentaci\u00f3n estructurada, favorece una curva de\n aprendizaje m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida y segura. La participaci\u00f3n en programas\n de simulaci\u00f3n, cursos b\u00e1sicos de laparoscop\u00eda y talleres de\n sutura acelera la adquisici\u00f3n de habilidades t\u00e9cnicas.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis5\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">\n 5. C\u00f3mo prepararte para tu primera cirug\u00eda\n <\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">\n C\u00f3mo prepararte para tu primera rotaci\u00f3n en cirug\u00eda\n laparosc\u00f3pica\n <\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La primera rotaci\u00f3n en cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica suele marcar un\n antes y un despu\u00e9s en la formaci\u00f3n del estudiante. Una buena\n preparaci\u00f3n aumenta la probabilidad de que esta experiencia\n sea positiva y formativa.<br \/><br \/><b\n >Recomendaciones pr\u00e1cticas:<\/b\n >\n <\/p>\n\n <ol class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Estudia la patolog\u00eda antes de ver la cirug\u00eda. Conocer la\n indicaci\u00f3n del procedimiento y sus pasos b\u00e1sicos te\n permitir\u00e1 interpretar mejor lo que ves en la pantalla.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Revisa la anatom\u00eda en atlas y videos quir\u00fargicos fiables.\n Comparar esquemas abiertos y laparosc\u00f3picos ayuda a integrar\n ambas perspectivas.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Practica habilidades b\u00e1sicas en simuladores de bajo costo,\n cajas secas o plataformas virtuales cuando est\u00e9n\n disponibles. La coordinaci\u00f3n mano-ojo mejora con la pr\u00e1ctica\n repetida.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Cuida tu postura y ergonom\u00eda desde el principio. Observa\n c\u00f3mo se posicionan el cirujano y el equipo, e intenta\n reproducir estas posiciones cuando se te permita asistir.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n Solicita retroalimentaci\u00f3n. Pregunta al final del\n procedimiento qu\u00e9 hiciste bien y qu\u00e9 podr\u00edas mejorar. La\n cr\u00edtica constructiva es parte fundamental de la formaci\u00f3n\n quir\u00fargica.\n <\/li>\n\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter6\">\n Mant\u00e9n una actitud de respeto y humildad. Cada caso\n representa la vida y la confianza de un paciente; el\n privilegio de estar en quir\u00f3fano implica responsabilidad\n profesional y \u00e9tica.\n <\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica seguir\u00e1 evolucionando con nuevas\n tecnolog\u00edas, como la rob\u00f3tica, la cirug\u00eda guiada por imagen y\n el uso de inteligencia artificial para apoyo intraoperatorio.\n Sin embargo, los principios b\u00e1sicos descritos en esta gu\u00eda\n seguir\u00e1n siendo v\u00e1lidos como cimiento para cualquier\n innovaci\u00f3n futura.\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"item-procedis item-procedis6\">\n <a\n href=\"#\"\n class=\"btn-procedi dropdown-toggle btn-estudiante\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n data-bs-display=\"static\"\n data-bs-auto-close=\"outside\"\n >\n <p class=\"txt-procedis\">6. Bibliograf\u00eda recomendada<\/p>\n <\/a>\n\n <div class=\"dropdown-menu m-0 dropdown-estudiante\">\n <div class=\"cont-drop-inter\">\n <h3 class=\"titu-drop-inter\">Bibliograf\u00eda recomendada<\/h3>\n\n <p class=\"txt-drop-inter\">\n La primera rotaci\u00f3n en cirug\u00eda laparosc\u00f3pica suele marcar un\n antes y un despu\u00e9s en la formaci\u00f3n del estudiante. Una buena\n preparaci\u00f3n aumenta la probabilidad de que esta experiencia\n sea positiva y formativa.<br \/><br \/><b\n >Recomendaciones pr\u00e1cticas:<\/b\n >\n <\/p>\n\n <ol class=\"list-drop-inter\">\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter1\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter2\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter3\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter4\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter5\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter6\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter7\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter8\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter9\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter10\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter11\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter12\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter13\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter14\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter15\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter16\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter17\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter18\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter19\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter20\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter21\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter22\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter23\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter24\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter25\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter26\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter27\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter28\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter29\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <li class=\"item-drop-inter item-drop-inter30\">\n Soper NJ, Scott-Conner CEH. The SAGES Manual, Volume 1:\n Basic Laparoscopy and Endoscopy. 3rd ed. Springer; 2012.\n SAGES. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Program.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Marks JM. Fundamentals of\n Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery. En: The SAGES Manual,\n Volume 1. Springer; 2012. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I,\n et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during\n laparoscopic cholecystectomy: EAES clinical practice\n guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003\u20133039. Neugebauer\n EA, Troidl H, Kum CK, et al. The European Association for\n Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guidelines on\n pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2002;16(7):1121\u20131143. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut\n A, et al. Guidelines for emergency laparoscopy. World J\n Emerg Surg. 2006;1:31. SAGES. Safe Cholecystectomy\n Multi-Society Practice Guideline and Consensus Conference.\n SAGES; 2018. de\u2019Angelis N, Catena F, Memeo R, et al. 2020\n WSES guidelines for the detection and management of bile\n duct injury during cholecystectomy. World J Emerg Surg.\n 2021;16:30. Morales-Conde S, Peeters A, Meyer YM, et al.\n European association for endoscopic surgery (EAES) consensus\n statement on single-incision endoscopic surgery. Surg\n Endosc. 2019;33(4):996\u20131019. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:\n The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 21st ed.\n Elsevier; 2022. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et\n al., eds. Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed.\n McGraw-Hill; 2019. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds.\n Maingot\u2019s Abdominal Operations. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019.\n Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th\n ed. Elsevier; 2020. Neugebauer EA, Sauerland S, Fingerhut A,\n et al. EAES Guidelines for Endoscopic Surgery: Twelve Years\n Evidence-Based Surgery in Europe. Springer; 2006. SAGES.\n Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: User Guides and Forms.\n FLS Program; acceso en l\u00ednea. Rooney DM, Pauli EM, Haluck\n RS, et al. Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) manual\n skills examination: a critical review. J Surg Educ.\n 2012;69(3):354\u2013359. Society of American Gastrointestinal and\n Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Guidelines for the Clinical\n Application of Laparoscopic Biliary Tract Surgery. Bittner\n R. Laparoscopic surgery\u201415 years after clinical\n introduction. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1190\u20131203. SAGES.\n Guidelines for laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc.\n 2010;24(2):264\u2013285. Li VK, Wysocki AP, et al. Laparoscopic\n appendectomy: current status and controversies. Surg\n Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011;21(1):1\u20139. Simons MP,\n Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. European Hernia Society\n guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult\n patients. Hernia. 2009;13(4):343\u2013403. Belyansky I, Tsirline\n VB, Klima DA, et al. Prospective, comparative study of\n postoperative quality of life in TEP, TAPP, and Lichtenstein\n repairs. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):284\u2013290. Horgan S, Vanuno\n D. Basic principles of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Clin North\n Am. 2000;80(4):1133\u20131154. Dunkin BJ, Adrales GL, Apelgren\n KN, Mellinger JD. Surgical education and simulation in\n general surgery residency training. Surg Clin North Am.\n 2007;87(4):861\u2013881. Aggarwal R, Darzi A. Technical-skills\n training in the 21st century. N Engl J Med.\n 2006;355(25):2695\u20132696. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR,\n Markley S, Sierra R, Heniford BT. Proficiency maintenance:\n impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill\n retention. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(4):599\u2013603. Grantcharov\n TP, Kristiansen VB, Bendix J, Randomized clinical trial of\n virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.\n Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):146\u2013150. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG,\n Roman SA, et al. Virtual reality training improves operating\n room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded\n study. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):458\u2013464. Aggarwal R,\n Grantcharov T, Moorthy K, et al. A competency-based virtual\n reality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery. Ann\n Surg. 2006;244(2):310\u2013314. Palter VN, Grantcharov TP.\n Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality\n simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices\n in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1216\u20131222.\n <\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <div class=\"borde-inter\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section id=\"contacto\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"row row-contain-agendar justify-content-evenly\">\n <div class=\"col-lg-6 col-agendar col-agendar1\">\n <div\n class=\"cont-horario-agendar d-flex justify-content-evenly align-items-center\"\n >\n <div class=\"col-horario-agenda col-horario-agenda1\">\n <p class=\"font-creato txt-dias-agenda\">\n Lunes \u2014 Viernes<br \/>Emergencia\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-horario-agenda col-horario-agenda2\">\n <p class=\"font-creato txt-horas-agenda\">10AM – 5PM<br \/>24\/7<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-horario-img\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-lg-6 col-agendar col-agendar2\">\n <h4 class=\"titu-agendar\">AGENDAR UNA CITA<\/h4>\n\n <h3 class=\"titus-agendar\">\n PanaMed – Panajachel<br \/>El Pimental – Antigua Guatemala\n 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id='gform_1' action='\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9926' data-formid='1' novalidate>\n <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_1' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><fieldset id=\"field_1_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-name gfield--input-type-name field_sublabel_hidden_label gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Nombre completo<\/legend><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container ginput_container--name no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name gform-grid-row' id='input_1_1'>\n \n <span id='input_1_1_3_container' class='name_first gform-grid-col gform-grid-col--size-auto' >\n <input type='text' name='input_1.3' id='input_1_1_3' value='' aria-required='false' placeholder='Nombre' \/>\n <label for='input_1_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Nombre<\/label>\n <\/span>\n \n <span id='input_1_1_6_container' class='name_last gform-grid-col gform-grid-col--size-auto' >\n <input type='text' name='input_1.6' id='input_1_1_6' value='' aria-required='false' placeholder='Apellido' \/>\n <label for='input_1_1_6' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Apellidos<\/label>\n <\/span>\n \n <\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_1_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_3'>Correo electr\u00f3nico<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n <input name='input_3' id='input_1_3' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Correo' aria-invalid=\"false\" \/>\n <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-phone gfield--input-type-phone gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_9'>Tel\u00e9fono<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_phone'><input name='input_9' id='input_1_9' type='tel' value='' class='large' placeholder='Su n\u00famero' aria-invalid=\"false\" \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_4'>Procedimiento<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_4' id='input_1_4' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='Consulta' >Consulta<\/option><option value='Agendar cirug\u00eda' >Agendar cirug\u00eda<\/option><\/select><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-date gfield--input-type-date gfield--input-type-datepicker gfield--datepicker-default-icon gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_6'>Fecha<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_date'>\n <input name='input_6' id='input_1_6' type='text' value='' class='datepicker gform-datepicker dmy datepicker_with_icon gdatepicker_with_icon' placeholder='dd\/mm\/aaaa' aria-describedby=\"input_1_6_date_format\" aria-invalid=\"false\" \/>\n <span id='input_1_6_date_format' class='screen-reader-text'>DD barra MM barra AAAA<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type='hidden' id='gforms_calendar_icon_input_1_6' class='gform_hidden' value='https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/datepicker\/datepicker.svg'\/><\/div><fieldset id=\"field_1_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-time gfield--input-type-time gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Hora<\/legend><div class=\"ginput_container ginput_complex gform-grid-row\">\n <div class='gfield_time_hour ginput_container ginput_container_time gform-grid-col' id='input_1_8'>\n <input type='number' maxlength='2' name='input_8[]' id='input_1_8_1' value='' min='0' max='12' step='1' placeholder='HH' aria-required='false' \/> \n <label class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hour_label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8_1'>Horas<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"below hour_minute_colon gform-grid-col\">:<\/div>\n <div class='gfield_time_minute ginput_container ginput_container_time gform-grid-col'>\n <input type='number' maxlength='2' name='input_8[]' id='input_1_8_2' value='' min='0' max='59' step='1' placeholder='MM' aria-required='false' \/>\n <label class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub minute_label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8_2'>Minutos<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class='gfield_time_ampm ginput_container ginput_container_time below gform-grid-col' >\n \n <select name='input_8[]' id='input_1_8_3' >\n <option value='am' >AM<\/option>\n <option value='pm' >PM<\/option>\n <\/select> \n <label class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub am_pm_label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8_3'>AM\/PM<\/label> \n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_1_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_7'>Cl\u00ednica<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_7' id='input_1_7' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='clinicas_panamed' >PanaMed Cl\u00ednicas y Hospital de Especialidades<\/option><option value='clinicas_pimental' >Cl\u00ednicas de Especialidades M\u00e9dicas El Pimental<\/option><\/select><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_1_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea gfield--input-type-textarea gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_5'>Motivo de la consulta<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_5' id='input_1_5' class='textarea medium' placeholder='Explique el motivo de la consulta' aria-invalid=\"false\" rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n <div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_1' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' value='Agendar' \/> \n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_1' value='postback' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_1' id='gform_theme_1' value='orbital' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_1' id='gform_style_settings_1' value='[]' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_1' value='1' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='1' \/>\n \n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' \/>\n <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_1' 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document.createElement( \"span\" ); visibilitySpan.id = \"gform_visibility_test_1\"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( \"afterend\", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( \"gform_visibility_test_1\" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; gform.core.triggerPostRenderEvents( 1, current_page ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} );\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n <div class=\"btn-colapse\">\n <div class=\"collapse colaps-faq\" id=\"collapseExample\">\n <div class=\"head-faq\">\n <img decoding=\"async\"\n src=\"https:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/chat-bot-1.webp\"\n alt=\"#\"\n class=\"img-faq\"\n \/>\n <\/div>\n\n <div id=\"accordion\">\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingOne\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseOne\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseOne\"\n >\n Tengo dolor, pero no s\u00e9 si realmente necesito un cirujano.<br \/>\u00bfPuedo\n consultarte igual?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseOne\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingOne\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed, claro. No todo dolor termina en cirug\u00eda. La consulta sirve\n precisamente para evaluar qu\u00e9 est\u00e1 pasando y decidir si se\n trata de algo quir\u00fargico o no, y cu\u00e1l es el mejor manejo en tu\n caso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwo\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwo\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwo\"\n >\n Me dijeron que \u201ctengo piedras en la ves\u00edcula\u201d, pero no<br \/>siempre\n me duele. \u00bfIgual deber\u00eda operarme?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwo\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwo\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Es v\u00e1lido. Mi trabajo es explicarte las opciones, los riesgos\n y beneficios de cada una. La decisi\u00f3n final siempre la tomas\n t\u00fa, con informaci\u00f3n clara y honesta.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingThree\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseThree\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseThree\"\n >\n \u00bfY si prefiero no operarme por ahora?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseThree\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingThree\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n No siempre es obligatorio operar de inmediato. Todo depende de\n tus s\u00edntomas, la frecuencia del dolor y el riesgo de\n complicaciones. En consulta evaluamos si es momento de operar\n o si a\u00fan es seguro observar.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFour\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFour\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFour\"\n >\n \u00bfC\u00f3mo s\u00e9 si mi caso es urgente o puede esperar?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n\n <div\n id=\"collapseFour\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFour\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Hay s\u00edntomas que indican urgencia, como dolor intenso y\n persistente, fiebre, v\u00f3mitos continuos o empeoramiento r\u00e1pido.\n Si tienes duda, lo mejor es evaluarte a tiempo para no correr\n riesgos innecesarios.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFive\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFive\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFive\"\n >\n Me da miedo la anestesia, \u00bfes normal?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseFive\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFive\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Es completamente normal. Antes de cualquier cirug\u00eda se hace\n una evaluaci\u00f3n anest\u00e9sica para reducir riesgos al m\u00e1ximo y\n resolver todas tus dudas. No est\u00e1s solo en ese proceso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSix\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSix\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSix\"\n >\n \u00bfDespu\u00e9s de la cirug\u00eda voy a tener mucho dolor?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSix\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSix\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n La mayor\u00eda de pacientes refiere dolor leve a moderado,\n especialmente cuando se utiliza cirug\u00eda m\u00ednimamente invasiva.\n Adem\u00e1s, el manejo del dolor forma parte importante del\n tratamiento.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSeven\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSeven\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSeven\"\n >\n \u00bfCu\u00e1ntos d\u00edas tendr\u00eda que estar hospitalizado?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSeven\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSeven\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Depende del procedimiento y de tu evoluci\u00f3n. Muchas cirug\u00edas\n laparosc\u00f3picas permiten egreso temprano, incluso el mismo d\u00eda\n o al d\u00eda siguiente.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingEight\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseEight\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseEight\"\n >\n \u00bfCu\u00e1ndo podr\u00eda volver a trabajar o hacer mi vida normal?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseEight\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingEight\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Var\u00eda seg\u00fan la cirug\u00eda y tu tipo de trabajo, pero en general\n la recuperaci\u00f3n es m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida con t\u00e9cnicas m\u00ednimamente\n invasivas. En consulta te doy tiempos realistas para tu caso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingNine\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseNine\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseNine\"\n >\n \u00bfSi ya me dijeron que necesito cirug\u00eda, igual tengo que\n consultarte?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseNine\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingNine\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed. Cada cirujano eval\u00faa el caso de forma individual. La\n consulta permite confirmar el diagn\u00f3stico, discutir opciones y\n resolver dudas antes de tomar una decisi\u00f3n.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTen\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTen\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTen\"\n >\n \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa si dejo pasar el tiempo y no me opero?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTen\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTen\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Depende del diagn\u00f3stico. Algunas condiciones pueden mantenerse\n estables, pero otras pueden complicarse. Por eso es importante\n valorar riesgos y no decidir solo con miedo o suposiciones.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingEleven\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseEleven\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseEleven\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo hacerte preguntas sin sentir que \u201cmolesto\u201d?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseEleven\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingEleven\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Por supuesto. Entender tu diagn\u00f3stico y sentirte tranquilo es\n parte del tratamiento. No hay preguntas incorrectas cuando se\n trata de tu salud.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwelve\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwelve\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwelve\"\n >\n \u00bfLa cirug\u00eda siempre es la primera opci\u00f3n?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwelve\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwelve\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n No. Muchas veces se puede intentar manejo m\u00e9dico o\n conservador. La cirug\u00eda se indica cuando realmente aporta\n beneficio o evita complicaciones.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingThirtee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseThirtee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseThirtee\"\n >\n \u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa si durante la cirug\u00eda encuentran algo diferente?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseThirtee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingThirtee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Antes del procedimiento se habla de los posibles escenarios.\n Las decisiones se toman pensando siempre en tu seguridad y en\n resolver el problema de la mejor manera posible.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFourtee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFourtee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFourtee\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo operarme aunque tenga otras enfermedades?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseFourtee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFourtee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed, pero primero se hace una evaluaci\u00f3n completa. El objetivo\n es optimizar tu estado de salud antes de la cirug\u00eda para\n reducir riesgos.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingFiftee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseFiftee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseFiftee\"\n >\n \u00bfQui\u00e9n me explica todo antes de operarme?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseFiftee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingFiftee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Yo mismo. Me tomo el tiempo para explicarte el diagn\u00f3stico, el\n procedimiento, los riesgos y el proceso de recuperaci\u00f3n, de\n forma clara y sin prisas.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSixtee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSixtee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSixtee\"\n >\n \u00bfY si cambio de opini\u00f3n despu\u00e9s de la consulta?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSixtee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSixtee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n No hay problema. La consulta es para informarte y orientarte.\n Puedes tomarte el tiempo que necesites para decidir.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingSeventee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseSeventee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseSeventee\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo escribir si despu\u00e9s de la consulta me surgen m\u00e1s dudas?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseSeventee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingSeventee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed. Es normal que surjan preguntas despu\u00e9s. Mi equipo y yo\n estamos para orientarte durante todo el proceso.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingEightee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseEightee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseEightee\"\n >\n \u00bfEste chat sirve para saber si me tengo que operar ya?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseEightee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingEightee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Este chat ayuda a orientarte, pero no reemplaza una valoraci\u00f3n\n m\u00e9dica. Para tomar decisiones importantes siempre es necesaria\n una consulta presencial.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingNinetee\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseNinetee\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseNinetee\"\n >\n \u00bfAtiendes casos que otros m\u00e9dicos consideran \u201cdif\u00edciles\u201d?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseNinetee\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingNinetee\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Cada caso merece una evaluaci\u00f3n individual. En consulta\n revisamos tu situaci\u00f3n con calma para definir la mejor\n estrategia.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen\"\n >\n \u00bfQu\u00e9 es lo m\u00e1s importante que deber\u00eda saber antes de una\n cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Que la cirug\u00eda es solo una parte del proceso. La evaluaci\u00f3n,\n la preparaci\u00f3n, el seguimiento y la recuperaci\u00f3n son igual de\n importantes para un buen resultado.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen1\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen1\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen1\"\n >\n \u00bfLa anestesia es diferente si la cirug\u00eda es abierta o\n laparosc\u00f3pica?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen1\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen1\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n S\u00ed, puede variar seg\u00fan el tipo de cirug\u00eda y tu condici\u00f3n de\n salud. En ambos casos la anestesia se elige pensando en tu\n seguridad, comodidad y una buena recuperaci\u00f3n.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen2\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen2\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen2\"\n >\n \u00bfVoy a estar completamente dormido durante la cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen2\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen2\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n En la mayor\u00eda de cirug\u00edas abdominales s\u00ed, utilizamos anestesia\n general para que no sientas dolor ni tengas recuerdos del\n procedimiento. El anestesi\u00f3logo te eval\u00faa previamente y te\n explica todo con detalle.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen3\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen3\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen3\"\n >\n \u00bfEs m\u00e1s riesgosa la anestesia que la cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen3\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen3\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n En pacientes evaluados correctamente, el riesgo anest\u00e9sico\n suele ser bajo. Por eso es tan importante la valoraci\u00f3n\n previa, donde se revisan tus antecedentes y se optimiza todo\n antes del procedimiento.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen4\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen4\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen4\"\n >\n \u00bfPuedo despertarme durante la cirug\u00eda?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen4\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen4\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Es una preocupaci\u00f3n com\u00fan, pero extremadamente rara. La\n anestesia moderna se monitoriza de forma continua para\n mantenerte dormido y seguro durante todo el procedimiento.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"card carta-faq\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" id=\"headingTwen5\">\n <h5 class=\"mb-0\">\n <button\n class=\"btn_faq btn btn-link font-creato collapsed\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseTwen5\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseTwen5\"\n >\n \u00bfDespu\u00e9s de la anestesia me sentir\u00e9 muy mal o desorientado?\n <\/button>\n <\/h5>\n <\/div>\n <div\n id=\"collapseTwen5\"\n class=\"collapse colapso-faq\"\n aria-labelledby=\"headingTwen5\"\n data-bs-parent=\"#accordion\"\n >\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">\n Al despertar puedes sentir somnolencia, mareo leve o n\u00e1useas,\n pero suele ser temporal. El equipo se encarga de controlar\n estos s\u00edntomas para que tu recuperaci\u00f3n sea lo m\u00e1s c\u00f3moda\n posible.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <button\n class=\"btn-colapso btn\"\n type=\"button\"\n data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-bs-target=\"#collapseExample\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\"\n aria-controls=\"collapseExample\"\n >\n <div class=\"row row-tooltip justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n <div class=\"col-tooltip1 col-tooltip\">\n <i class=\"fa-regular fa-comment-dots\" style=\"color: white\"><\/i>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"col-tooltip2 col-tooltip\">\n <p class=\"font-creato\">Chatea con nosotros<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <footer>\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"row g-4 mb-4 row-footer-top\">\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer1\">\n <a class=\"logo-footer\" href=\"#\">\n <img decoding=\"async\"\n src=\"http:\/\/drjulioestrada.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/logo-footer.webp\"\n alt=\"logo-header\"\n \/>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer2\">\n <h5>Mi web<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Inicio<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Somos<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Procedimientos<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n >Condiciones quir\u00fargicas<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n >Informaci\u00f3n para el paciente<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Gu\u00eda para estudiantes<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">Agendar cita<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer3\">\n <h5 class=\"font-creato\">Mis redes<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#inicio\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n ><i class=\"fa-brands fa-instagram\"><\/i>\n @cirujanodrjulioestrada<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#sobre-mi\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n ><i class=\"fa-brands fa-facebook-f\"><\/i> Dr Julio Estrada<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#servicios\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n ><i class=\"fa-brands fa-youtube\"><\/i> Dr Julio Estrada<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-footer col-footer4\">\n <div class=\"cont-contacto-foot cont-contacto-foot1\">\n <h5 class=\"font-creato\">Cont\u00e1ctame<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">+502 77620324<\/a>\n <\/li>\n\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\">+502 78321756<\/a>\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cont-contacto-foot cont-contacto-foot2\">\n <h5 class=\"font-creato\">Mi correo<\/h5>\n\n <ul class=\"list-unstyled list-footer\">\n <li>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"small font-creato\"\n >drjulioestrada@panamed.com.gt<\/a\n >\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"border-footer opacity-50\" \/>\n\n <div\n class=\"row row-footer-bot justify-content-evenly align-items-center\"\n >\n <div class=\"col-foot-bot col-foot-bot1\">\n <p class=\"small font-creato text-muted mb-0 txt-foot txt-foot1\">\n © 2025-2026 Dr. Julio Estrada. Todos los derechos reservados.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"col-foot-bot col-foot-bot2\">\n <p class=\"small font-creato text-muted mb-0 txt-foot txt-foot2\">\n Desarrollado por\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-muted\">Enfoca2’s Studios<\/a>\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/footer>\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n <script>\n \/\/ Soluci\u00f3n JS para m\u00faltiples dropdowns con sub\u2011men\u00fas animados\n \/\/ SIN modificar la estructura HTML. Funciona con cualquier n\u00famero de .item-procedis\n\n document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function () {\n \/\/ Selecciona todos los contenedores principales de cada dropdown\n const items = document.querySelectorAll(\".item-procedis\");\n\n items.forEach((item) => {\n \/\/ Obtener el toggle principal (el que abre el men\u00fa Bootstrap)\n const mainToggle = item.querySelector(\".btn-procedi\");\n if (!mainToggle) return;\n\n \/\/ El men\u00fa principal (dropdown-menu) es el siguiente hermano del toggle\n const parentMenu = mainToggle.nextElementSibling;\n if (!parentMenu || !parentMenu.classList.contains(\"dropdown-menu\"))\n return;\n\n \/\/ Buscar todos los sub\u2011toggles y sus respectivos sub\u2011men\u00fas dentro de .contain-drops\n const subToggles = parentMenu.querySelectorAll(\n \".sub-dropdown-toggle\",\n );\n const subMenus = parentMenu.querySelectorAll(\n \".contain-drops .drop-inter\",\n );\n\n \/\/ Funci\u00f3n para quitar la clase 'activo' de todos los .btn-inter-procedi dentro de este men\u00fa padre\n function removeActivoFromAll() {\n const allBtns = parentMenu.querySelectorAll(\".btn-inter-procedi\");\n allBtns.forEach((btn) => btn.classList.remove(\"activo\"));\n }\n\n \/\/ Funci\u00f3n para cerrar todos los sub\u2011men\u00fas y quitar la clase activo\n function closeAllSubMenus() {\n subMenus.forEach((menu) => menu.classList.remove(\"show\"));\n removeActivoFromAll();\n }\n\n \/\/ Asignar evento a cada sub\u2011toggle\n subToggles.forEach((toggle, index) => {\n \/\/ Eliminar eventos previos para evitar duplicados\n toggle.removeEventListener(\"click\", toggle._handler);\n const handler = function (e) {\n e.preventDefault();\n e.stopPropagation(); \/\/ Evita que Bootstrap cierre el dropdown padre\n\n const targetMenu = subMenus[index];\n if (!targetMenu) return;\n\n if (targetMenu.classList.contains(\"show\")) {\n \/\/ Si ya est\u00e1 abierto: lo cerramos y quitamos la clase activo de este toggle\n targetMenu.classList.remove(\"show\");\n toggle.classList.remove(\"activo\");\n } else {\n \/\/ Cerramos cualquier otro y abrimos el actual\n closeAllSubMenus();\n targetMenu.classList.add(\"show\");\n \/\/ Agregamos la clase 'activo' al enlace que abri\u00f3 el sub\u2011dropdown\n toggle.classList.add(\"activo\");\n }\n };\n toggle.addEventListener(\"click\", handler);\n toggle._handler = handler; \/\/ Guardar referencia para posible remoci\u00f3n\n });\n\n \/\/ Cerrar sub\u2011men\u00fas al hacer clic en el men\u00fa padre (pero no sobre los sub\u2011toggles ni los sub\u2011men\u00fas)\n parentMenu.addEventListener(\"click\", function (e) {\n if (\n !e.target.closest(\".sub-dropdown-toggle\") &&\n !e.target.closest(\".drop-inter\")\n ) {\n closeAllSubMenus();\n }\n });\n\n \/\/ Cuando el dropdown principal se cierra (por clic fuera o ESC), limpiar sub\u2011men\u00fas y clases activo\n mainToggle.addEventListener(\"hidden.bs.dropdown\", closeAllSubMenus);\n });\n });\n <\/script>\n <\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Julio Estrada – Cirug\u00eda General y Laparosc\u00f3pica Inicio Somos Procedimientos Cirug\u00eda de Apendice Cirug\u00eda de Ves\u00edcula Cirug\u00eda de Hernias […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9919,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"unboxed","site-sidebar-style":"unboxed","ast-global-header-display":"disabled","ast-banner-title-visibility":"disabled","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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